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Proper adjective
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In English usage, a proper adjective is an adjective that takes an initial capital letter. A common adjective is an adjective that is not a proper adjective.
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In general, an adjective is a proper adjective if its meaning is "pertaining to X", where X is some specific person, place, language, or organized group.
Most proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns; for example the proper adjective Japanese is derived from the proper noun Japan. Some proper adjectives like Unitarian or Episcopal are not derived from proper nouns.[1] Occasionally the reverse is true; for example the proper noun Hispanic is derived from the proper adjective Hispanic.
Sometimes, a word is written as a proper adjective to designate an ethnic group with a shared culture, heritage, or ancestry. This usage asserts the existence of a unified group with common goals. For example, in Canadian government documents, "First Nation(s)", Native and Aboriginal are capitalized.[2]
A proper adjective can become a common adjective when it takes on new, more remote meanings, such as chauvinistic.[3] In addition, over time, a proper adjective can become a common adjective by convention, generally when the word has overshadowed its original reference, such as gargantuan, quixotic, titanic, or roman in the term roman numerals.[3]
An adjective is not a proper adjective just because it is capitalized as part of a name or title. For example, great is not a proper adjective in Great Britain, and lost is not a proper adjective in Raiders of the Lost Ark.
A trademark is a distinctive sign used by a business to identify its products to consumers. When a trademark is a word used adjectivally, it is capitalized and hence is a proper adjective. Intellectual property lawyers sometimes advise corporations to use their trademarks only as proper adjectives, not as proper nouns.[4] By this theory, a trademark is not the name of a product, but rather a signifier of the source of the product.
For example, in the sentence "I need to blow my nose; do you have any Kleenex?", the word Kleenex is a proper noun, used to name the product being discussed. This is perfectly acceptable English usage, from a grammatical perspective. It would also be acceptable to say, "I need to blow my nose; do you have any Kleenex facial tissue?", where the word Kleenex is a proper adjective. The Kimberly-Clark Corporation (which owns the trademark Kleenex) takes care to use the word only as a proper adjective. The legal risk is that a trademark used as a noun can become genericized, in which case other businesses could legally use the word to refer to their products. This happened to the word "elevator", for example, which used to be a trademark but is now a common noun.
An adverb formed from a proper adjective is written with a capital letter. For example:
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- We have regularly received enquiries regarding the availability of Islamic finance products, in particular Islamically compatible finance to purchase both residential and commercial properties.[5]
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- There are people who express themselves 'Frenchly,' while others have forms of life that are expressed 'Koreanly' or 'Icelandicly.'[6]
Verbs such as Canadianize are written with a capital letter, although not generally described as "proper verbs".
- ^ See Zindler, Frank R. Capital Ideas. The American Atheist (Spring 2000, Vol. 38 No. 2). Retrieved on June 21, 2006. Zindler argues that the adjective atheist should be capitalized.
- ^ Fee, Margery; Janice McAlpine (1997). Guide to Canadian English Usage. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 96. ISBN 0-19-540841-1.
- ^ a b Burchfield, R.W.; H.W. Fowler (first edited by) (1996). The New Fowler's Modern English Usage, 3rd ed.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 129. ISBN 0-19-869126-2.
- ^ Chan, Thomas T. A Guide to Proper Trademark Use. Chan Law Group LLP. Retrieved on June 23, 2006.
- ^ The Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance. Islamic Banking. Retrieved on June 21, 2006.
- ^ Margalit, A., 1997, "The Moral Psychology of Nationalism," in McKim and McMahan (eds.), 1997, The Morality of Nationalism Oxford University Press: Oxford, as quoted by Miscevic, Nenad. Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on June 21, 2006.