Qazakh

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Map of Azerbaijan showing Qazakh (Qazax) rayon.
Map of Azerbaijan showing Qazakh (Qazax) rayon.

Qazakh (Azerbaijani: Qazax, Armenian: Ղազախ; Russian: Казах; also known as Kazakh or Gazakh) is a rayon of Azerbaijan. It has two exclaves inside Armenia, Yukhari Askipara and Barkhudarli, both of which came under Armenian control during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

In antiquity, this rayon was part of Utik, a historic province of the Kingdom of Armenia as described by Greco-Roman historians with the Kura River marking the border between Armenia and neighboring Caucasian Albania [1][2][3] This boundary, however, was often overrun by armies of both countries[4] and came under Albanian control in 387 AD. Around 5th-7th centuries A.D., the local historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi [5][6] as well as the medieval Armenian historians Movses Khorenatsi [7] and Hovannes Draskhanakertsi [8] referred to the region as the "Albanian plain". The region was eventually conquered by several neighboring powers including the Sassanid Persians, the Byzantine Greeks, the Arabs, the Seljuq Turks, the Georgians, the Mongols, the Timurids, the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turkoman tribes, and finally the Safavid Iran.

After the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), the Russian Empire gained control of the area by virtue of the Treaty of Gulistan. Under Russian rule, it formed the northeastern part of the Kazakh uyezd of the Elisabethpol Governorate. A contemporary military historian noted the following ethnographic detail: "Abbas Mirza's route lay through the country of the great tribe of the Casaks, which is extremely strong and thickly wooded." He further notes that: "These have no connection with the Russian Cossacks. They are descended from men of the Kirgis Casaks, left by Genghis Khan, and are Mahomedans of the Soonnie [Sunni Muslims] sect. They are frequently called Kara Papaks, from wearing black sheep-skin caps."[9]

With the fall of the Russian Empire, dispute over the region arose between the Armenians (who made up 39% of the population) and the Azerbaijanis (who comprised 57%).[10] When the South Caucasus came under British occupation, Sir John Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, decided that assigning the Erivan Governorate and the Kars Oblast to Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and the Elisabethpol and Baku Governorates to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) would solve the region's outstanding disputes. However, this proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Kazakh, Zangezur (today Syunik), and Nagorno-Karabakh) and Azerbaijanis (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhichevan). As conflict broke out between the two groups, the British left the region in mid-1919.

After the British evacuation and more fighting between Armenians and Azerbaijanis ensued, the Soviet Eleventh Army led by Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze gained control of the region which was later incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR. During the process of Sovietization, the borders of the Transcaucasian republics were redrawn several times. The territory of the former Kazakh uyezd was eventually divided between the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics along ethnic and sectarian lines.[11] The northern region, including the town of Qazakh itself was given to Azerbaijan while the southern portion, roughly corresponding to the present-day Armenian province Tavush was given to Armenia.[11] During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia gained control of Qazakh's exclaves of Yukhari Askipara and Barkhudarli. Besides this, neither country has disputed the boundary since.

Contents

There are 112 protected monuments in the region of Qazakh, of which, 54 are of archaeological, 46 - of architectural, 7 - of historical, and 5 - of artistic significance. Among such famous monuments are:

  • The House of the Poetry of Samad Vurgun in the village Yukhari Salahli, since 1976.
  • The Museum of History and Ethnography, since 1984.
  • The Qazakh State Picture Gallery by the Ministry of Culture of Azerbaijan, since 1986.
  • The House of Teachers Seminary of Qazakh, built in 1910, functioned between 1918 and 1959.
  • The Bath House of Israfil Agha, built in the first decade of the 20th century by Israfil Agha Kerbelayev from the village of Kasaman.
  • Sinig Korpu (The Broken Bridge), 12th century bridge built over the Ehram (Khram) river in the village Ikinji Shikhli.
  • The Didevan Castle, 6th-7th century monument in the village of Khanliglar.
  • Mount Goyazan, a rare archaeological monument in the village of Abbasbeyli, rises 857.9 meters above the sea level.
  • The Baba Dervish Habitation, an archaeological site in the village Demirchiler.
  • The Kazim Bridge in the village of Yukhari Askipara, allegedly built during the reign of Shamsi Khan.
  • The Juma Mosque of Qazakh, built in 1902 by Akhund Haji Zeynalabdin Mahammadli Oglu from the village of Kasaman.
  • The Aslanbeyli Mosque built in 1909 by Hamid Efendi, the native of village Aslanbeyli.
  • Santepe, an archaeological site referring back to 9th-8th centuries B.C. and the Iron Age.
  • The Avey Caucasian Albanian Temple, built in 5th-6th century A.D. at the southern peak of Mount Avey.
  • The Qazakhbeyli Hills, an archaeological site referring to the 8th-6th centuries B.C. near the village of Qazakhbeyli.
  • The Shikhli Human Camp, an archaeological site near the village of Birinji Shikhli.

  1. ^ Strabo, Geography, 11.14.4
  2. ^ Pliny the Elder, "The Natural history ", 6.39: "..the tribe of Albanians settled on the Caucasian mountains, reaches ... the river Kir making border of Armenia and Iberia"
  3. ^ Claudius Ptolemy, "Geography" 5.12: "Armenia is located from the north to a part of Colchida, Iberia and Albania along the line, which goes through the river Kir (Kura)"
  4. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. M. L. Chaumont. Albania.
  5. ^ Moisey Kalankatuyski, "History of Caucasian Albanians", Book I, Chapter IV, translation into Russian by Sh. V.Smbatyan, Yerevan, 1984
  6. ^ C. J. F. Dowsett, "The Albanian Chronicle of Mxit'ar Gosh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 21(1958), pp. 472-490
  7. ^ Movses Khorenatsi, "History of Armenia", Book 2, Chapter 8, translated into Russian by G.Sarkisyan, Hayastan Publishing House: Yerevan, 1990
  8. ^ Hovannes Draskhanakertsi, "History of Armenia", Chapter XXXI, translated into Russian by M.O.Darbinyan-Melikyan, Yerevan, 1984
  9. ^ Lt-Gen. William Monteith, Kars and Erzeroum: With the Campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch, in 1828 and 1829; and an Account of the conquests of Russia beyond the Caucasus, from the time of Peter the Great to the Treaty of Turcoman Chie and Adrianople, London: Longman, 1856, p. 60
  10. ^ (Russian) Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Kazakh". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
  11. ^ a b W.E.D. Allen (published 1927). New Political Boundaries in the Caucasus. The Geographical Journal. 

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