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A raised-relief map or terrain model is a three dimensional representation, usually of terrain. When of terrain the elevation dimension is usually exaggerated by a factor between five and ten; this facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features.

Contents 1 Construction 2 Vacuum formed models 3 Non-terrain applications 4 See also 5 External links

Starting with a topographic map one can cut out from some sheet material successive layers, with edges following the contour lines on the map. These may be assembled in a stack to obtain a rough approximation of the terrain. This method, without vertical exaggeration, is commonly used as the base for architectural models. For models of landforms, the stack will then be smoothed by filling with some material. This may then used directly or for greater durability a mold may be made from this. This mold may then be used to produce a plaster model.

By using automated machinery a topographic model may be made by cutting a form with a numerically controlled mill guided by interpretation of the data used to produce a topographic map, The map may then be printed on a sheet of thermoplastic, which is then heated and drawn over the master. Vacuum is then applied to draw the soft plastic into the shape of the form. Such maps are commonly available in specialty map stores.

For appropriate mathematical functions and especially for certain types of statistics, a similar model may be constructed as an aid to understanding a function or as an aid to studying the statistical data.

• Isohypse (Height Contours)
• Digital terrain model

• Report of the Relief Map Department, G-2-C, G.H.Q., of the American Expeditionary Forces
• Allan McCollum: The Topographical Model Donation Project