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Ramon Magsaysay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Ramon Magsaysay | |
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7th President of the Philippines
3rd President of the 3rd Republic |
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| In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957 |
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| Vice President(s) | Carlos P. García |
| Preceded by | Elpidio Quirino |
| Succeeded by | Carlos P. García |
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| Born | August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales |
| Died | March 17, 1957 (aged 49) Mt. Manunggal, Balamban, Cebu |
| Political party | Nacionalista Party |
| Spouse | Luz Banzon |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957) was the third President of the Third Republic of the Philippines from December 30, 1953 until his death. He was elected President under the banner of the Nacionalista Party.
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Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales to Exequiel Magsaysay, a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro, a schoolteacher. Of Visayan descent, he nonetheless was ethnically affiliated with the Ilocanos of Iba and considered himself as one of them. He went to high school at Zambales Academy (ZA).
In 1927 he enrolled at the University of the Philippines. He took up a pre-law course and later shifted to engineering, all the while working as a chauffeur to support himself. However, he did not finish his course due to illness. Eventually he studied commerce at Jose Rizal College, graduating in 1931. Just out of college he started to work as chief mechanic for the Try Tran Bus Company in Manila. At the time the company was losing money, but after Magsaysay had introduced new working methods and had taken measures against corrupt employees, the company started to be profitable and he became the general manager. He first met his future wife, Luz Banzon, at the office of Try Tran, when she was picking up the payment for a bus company that her father had sold to Try Tran. They married on June 10, 1933.
When World War II broke out in the Philippines, Magsaysay joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine army as a Captain. Following the fall of Bataan in 1942, he organized the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces that fought against the Japanese. He still maintained the rank of a Captain when the American forces liberated the Philippines in early 1945 although he commanded by then 12,000 men. He had refused to promote himself, but the American command made him a Major. At the end of the war he was appointed Military Governor of Zambales, inaugurated on February 4, 1945. Two months later, the provincial administration was transferred to a civilian Governor.
On April 23, 1946, Magsaysay was elected as an Independent to the Philippine House of Representatives. In 1948, President Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington as Chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs, to help to secure passage of the Rogers Bill, giving considerable benefits to Philippine veterans. In the so-called "dirty election" of 1949, he was re-elected to a second term in the House of Representatives. During both terms he was Chairman of the House National Defense Committee.
Pocket Books edition 1957
In early August 1950 he offered President Quirino a plan to fight the Communist guerillas, using his own experiences in guerilla warfare during World War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was no alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence on August 31, 1950. He intensified the campaign against the Hukbalahap guerillas, waging one of the most successful anti-guerilla campaigns in modern history. This success was due in part to the unconventional methods he employed and developed alongside an American advisor, General Edward Lansdale. The counterinsurgency the two deployed utilized soldiers distributing relief goods and other forms of aid to outlying, provincial communities. Where before Magsaysay the rural folk looked on the Philippine Army if not in distrust, at least with general apathy, during his term as Defense Secretary Filipinos began to respect and admire their soldiers.
In June 1952 Magsaysay made a goodwill tour to the United States and Mexico. He visited New York, Washington, D. C. (with a medical check-up at Walter Reed Hospital) and Mexico City where he spoke at the Annual Convention of Lions International.
By 1953 President Quirino thought the threat of the Huks was under control and Secretary Magsaysay was becoming too powerful. Magsaysay met with interference and obstruction from the President and his advisers, in fear they might be unseated at the next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had at that time no intention to run, he was urged from many sides and finally was convinced that the only way to continue his fight against communism, and for a government for the people, was to be elected President, ousting the corrupt administration that, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communist guerillas by bad administration. He resigned his post as defense secretary on February 28, 1953, and became the presidential candidate of the Nacionalista party, disputing the nomination with senator Camilo Osías at the Nacionalista national convention.
In the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president.
As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the Cold War. He led the foundation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defend South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific from communism. He was also known for his integrity and strength of character.
During his term, he made Malacañáng Palace literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public.
One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane belonging to the Philippines Air Force (PAF). President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight.
On March 16, 1957 Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu City where he spoke at three educational institutions. That same night, at about 1 a.m., he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. In the early morning hours of March 17, his plane was reported missing. It was late in the afternoon that day that newspapers reported that the airplane had crashed on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu and that 26 of the 27 passengers and crew aboard were killed. Only newspaperman Néstor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos P. García, who was on an official visit to Australia at the time, assumed the presidency to serve out the last eight months of Magsaysay's term.
An estimated 2 million people attended Magsaysay's burial on March 22, 1957. He was survived by first lady/wife Luz Banzon-Magsaysay (1915-2004) with 3 children: Teresita (b. 1934), Milagros (b. 1936) and former congressman and senator Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. (b. 1938)
- Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.
- Townsend, William Cameron (1952). Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas.
See the SIL International Website at: Establishing the Work in Mexico.
- Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray: The Magsaysay Story (The John Day Company, 1956, updated - with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death - re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957)
| Preceded by Valentin Afable |
Representative, Zambales 1946 - 1953 |
Succeeded by Enrique Corpus |
| Preceded by Ruperto K. Kangleon |
Philippine Secretary of National Defense 1950 - 1953 |
Succeeded by Oscar T. Castelo |
| Preceded by Elpidio Quirino |
President of the Philippines 1953 - 1957 |
Succeeded by Carlos P. García |
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| Aguinaldo • Quezon • Osmeña • Laurel • Roxas • Quirino • Magsaysay • Garcia • Macapagal • Marcos • Aquino • Ramos • Estrada • Arroyo |
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| Presidential lists of order | Order of service • Birth • Longevity • Post-presidency length • Term length |
| Presidential personal life lists | Nicknames • College education • Province • Religious affiliation |
| Presidential professional life lists | Previous Executive Experience • Inaugurations • Currency appearances |
| Vice President lists of order | Order of service • Birth • Death • Term length |
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| Candidates | Tickets • Former presidents who ran again |
| Spouses | First Ladies and Gentlemen |