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Refuge (Buddhism)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In lay and monastic ordination ceremonies, Buddhists take the Three Refuges in the Three Jewels and are said to "take refuge."
The general signification of Three Jewels is:
- the Buddha;
- the Dharma, the teachings;
- the Sangha, the community of monks and nuns (Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis).[1]
In Vajrayana sadhana, the refuge tree is often visualized by sadhakas and to aid in this interior viewing is represented as thangka.
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In Buddhism, instead of looking for any external saviour, Buddhists believe they can take refuge in their Buddha nature: Dhammapada
- 160. One truly is the protector of oneself, who else could the protector be? With oneself fully controlled one gains a mastery which is hard to gain.
- 165. By oneself is evil done, by oneself is one defiled. By oneself is evil left undone, by oneself is one purified. Purity and impurity depend on oneself--no one can purify another.
Mahaparinibbana sutta states:
- For that which I have proclaimed and made known as the Dhamma and the Discipline, that shall be your Master when I am gone.
Faith (saddha/sraddha) is an important constituent element of the teachings of the Buddha - both in the Theravada tradition as in the Mahayana. Sraddha is a Sanskrit word that is translated as Faith. Sraddha has connotations of trust, perseverance, humility and steady effort. Sraddha is the result of thorough reasoning and accumulated experience.
In the Kalama Sutra the Buddha explicitly argues against "blind faith" based simply on authority or tradition. He was referring to the Hinduism of his day. Nevertheless, there remains a requirement for a degree of trusting confidence and belief in Buddhism, primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvation wisdom of the Buddha. Faith in Buddhism centres on belief in the Buddha as a supremely Awakened being, on his unexcelled role as teacher of both humans and gods, in the truth of his Dharma (spiritual Doctrine), and in his Sangha (community of spiritually developed followers). Faith in Buddhism functions as a form of motor, which is meant to propel the Buddhist practitioner towards the goal of Awakening (bodhi) and Nirvana.
| Lay Buddhist Practices |
 |
| Devotional |
|---|
| Offerings · Bows 3 Refuges · Chanting |
| Precepts |
| 5 Precepts · 8 Precepts Bodhisattva vows |
| Other |
| Meditation · Giving Supporting Monastics Study · Pilgrimage |
Often, one who takes refuge will make vows as well, typically vows to adhere to the Five Precepts (pañca-sila). Laypeople generally undertake at least one of the five, but traditions differ in how many vows is common to take. The Five Precepts are not given in the form of commands such as "thou shalt not ...", but rather are promises to oneself: "I will (try) ..."
- To refrain from harming living creatures (killing).
- To refrain from taking that which is not freely given (stealing).
- To refrain from sexual misconduct.
- To refrain from incorrect speech (lying, harsh language, slander, idle chit-chat).
- To refrain from intoxicants which lead to loss of mindfulness.
In some schools of Buddhism, serious lay people or aspiring monks take an additional three to five ethical precepts, and some of the five precepts are strengthened. For example, the precept pertaining to sexual misconduct becomes a precept of celibacy.
To actualise refuge in:
- - Buddha: commit yourself to one teacher, the Buddha
- - Dharma: listen, study and practice Dharma to overcome your own delusions
- - Sangha: respect Sangha and train in accordance with their example
Commit to:
- - train the body, speech and mind, instead of letting our senses rule us: do not speak harsh, skeptical things and avoid being judgmental.
- - practice ethics and vows.
- - be kind and considerate to any living being.
Referring to the refuge in the:
- - Buddha: do not follow other, lower beings as ultimate spiritual guides.
- - Dharma: do not harm or upset humans or animals.
- - Sangha: do not be negatively influenced by any extremists or others opposing our beliefs
Show respect to the:
- - Buddha: respect all images of the Buddha, treat these as if they are Buddhas.
- - Dharma: respect texts, treat them with utmost care.
- - Sangha: respect even piece of robes and all who wear robes (despite behaviour)
- Take refuge in the Three Refuges, do not seek the source of your happiness and problems outside yourself.
- Offer the first part of food or drink to the triple jewel, by blessing it before eating or drinking by reciting "Om Ah Hum". (The mantra applies only to the Vajrayana tradition. Any offering prayer may be used.)
- Encourage others to become inner beings (Buddhists) and to take refuge; but only when one is asked for advice.
- Recite the refuge prayer 3x in the day and 3x in the night.
- Follow the example of the Three Refuges, rely on them as the only trustworthy refuge objects.
- Never lose faith in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha.
Sanskrit version:
- बुद्धं शरणं गच्छामि।
- धम्मं शरणं गच्छामि।
- संघं शरणं गच्छामि।
- Buddhaṃ śaraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
- Dharmaṃ śaraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
- Saṃghaṃ śaraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
- I take refuge in the Buddha.
- I take refuge in the Dharma.
- I take refuge in the Sangha.
- Buddham saranam gacchami (to the Buddha for refuge I go)
- Dhammam saranam gacchami (to the Dharma for refuge I go)
- Sangham saranam gacchami (to the Sangha for refuge I go)
- Dutiyampi Buddham saranam gacchami (For the second time ... (repeated for each of the three))
- Tatiyampi Buddham saranam gacchami (For the third time ... (repeated for each of the three))
- 自皈依佛，當願眾生，體解大道，發無上心。 (I take refuge in the Buddha, wishing for all sentient beings to understand the great way and make the greatest vow.)
- 自皈依法，當願眾生，深入經藏，智慧如海。(I take refuge in the Dharma, wishing for all sentient beings to deeply delve into the Sutra Pitaka, gaining an ocean of knowledge.)
- 自皈依僧，當願眾生，統理大眾，一切無礙。(I take refuge in the Sangha, wishing all sentient beings to lead the congregation in harmony, entirely without obstruction.)
A Tibetan (Mahāyāna, Vajrayāna) version:
- Until I am enlightened,
- I go for refuge to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.
- Through the virtue I create by practising giving and the other perfections,
- may I become a Buddha to benefit all sentient beings.
According to Atisha in the 11th century 'Lamp for the Path' and in the subsequent Lamrim tradition as elaborated by Tsongkhapa, one can distinguish several levels of refuge:
These purposes are introduced using the concept of the 'scope' of a practitioner
- Worldly scope is taking refuge to improve this life (not Buddhist)
- Lowest Buddhist scope is taking refuge to gain high rebirth and avoid the low realms
- Middle Buddhist scope is taking refuge to achieve Nirvana
- High Buddhist scope is taking refuge to become a Buddha
- Highest Buddhist scope is also sometimes included, which is taking refuge to achieve Buddhahood in this life (using Buddhist Tantra techniques)
Another distinction between different levels of Going for Refuge, given by Sangharakshita in his text Going for Refuge is:
- Ethnic Going for Refuge, when one is born into a Buddhist culture and practice is a matter more of social conditioning than personal commitment.
- Effective Going for Refuge, when one has taken the conscious decision to commit oneself to the Three Refuges, typically by joining a Buddhist Order.
- Real Going for Refuge, when the Three Fetters of Conditioned Arising has been broken and Stream Entry has been attained.
- Absolute Going for Refuge, which corresponds with the attainment of Enlightenment.
- Driven only by fear, do men go for refuge to many places — to hills, woods, groves, trees and shrines.
- Such, indeed, is no safe refuge; such is not the refuge supreme. Not by resorting to such a refuge is one released from all suffering.
- He who has gone for refuge to the Buddha, the Teaching and his Order, penetrates with transcendental wisdom the Four Noble Truths — suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the cessation of suffering.
- This indeed is the safe refuge, this the refuge supreme. Having gone to such a refuge, one is released from all suffering.
- — Dhammapada 188-192
Taking refuge in the Three Jewels is central to Buddhist lay and monastic ordination ceremonies, as originated by Gautama Buddha[2].
The following Sanskrit version tends to be considered basic.
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Taking refuge in the Triple Gem is generally considered to make one officially a Buddhist. Thus, in many Theravada Buddhist communities, the following Pali chant, the Vandana Ti-sarana is often recited by both monks and lay people:
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The Mahāyāna Chinese/Japanese version differs only slightly from the Theravada:
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The Vajrayana prayer for taking refuge.
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- A Buddhist View on Refuge
- Refuge Vows (including commentary)
- Taking the refuges and precepts online by Bhikkhu Samahita
- The Threefold Refuge (tisarana)
- The Five Precepts (pañca-sila)
- Abhisanda Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya)
- Saranagamana (Khuddakapatha)
- Going for Refuge and Taking the Precepts by Bhikkhu Bodhi
- Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha by Thanissaro Bhikkhu
- ^ Some[citation needed] consider that Vajrayana Buddhists also take a fourth refuge in the Lama, though this may be countered as the Lama is both a representative of Buddha and a member of the Sangha and is therefore subsumed within the triratna.
- ^ Cite error 8; No text given.
- ^ Some[citation needed] consider that Vajrayana Buddhists also take a fourth refuge in the Lama, though this may be countered as the Lama is both a representative of Buddha and a member of the Sangha and is therefore subsumed within the triratna.
- ^ Cite error 8; No text given.
- Sangharakshita, Going for Refuge. Windhorse Publications. (1997)