Residue theorem

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The residue theorem in complex analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate line integrals of meromorphic functions over closed curves and can often be used to compute real integrals as well. It generalizes the Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula.

The statement is as follows. Suppose U is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane C, a₁,...,a_n are finitely many points of U and f is a function which is defined and holomorphic on U \ {a₁,...,a_n}. If γ is a rectifiable curve in U which doesn't meet any of the points a_k and whose start point equals its endpoint, then

$\oint_\gamma f(z)\, dz = 2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^n \operatorname{I}(\gamma, a_k) \operatorname{Res}( f, a_k ).$

If γ is a Jordan curve, I(γ, a_k) = 1 and so

$\oint_\gamma f(z)\, dz = 2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^n \operatorname{Res}( f, a_k ).$

Here, Res(f, a_k) denotes the residue of f at a_k, and I(γ, a_k) is the winding number of the curve γ about the point a_k. This winding number is an integer which intuitively measures how often the curve γ winds around the point a_k; it is positive if γ moves in a counter clockwise ("mathematically positive") manner around a_k and 0 if γ doesn't move around a_k at all.

In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane. The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem. Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero if it is large enough, leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested in.

1 Example
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

The integral

$\int_{-\infty}^\infty {e^{itx} \over x^2+1}\,dx$

arises in probability theory when calculating the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution, and it resists the techniques of elementary calculus. We will evaluate it by expressing it as a limit of contour integrals along the contour C that goes along the real line from −a to a and then counterclockwise along a semicircle centered at 0 from a to −a. Take a to be greater than 1, so that the imaginary unit i is enclosed within the curve. The contour integral is

$\int_C {e^{itz} \over z^2+1}\,dz.$

Since e^itz is an entire function (having no singularities at any point in the complex plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator z² + 1 is zero. Since z² + 1 = (z + i)(z − i), that happens only where z = i or z = −i. Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. Because f(z) is

$\frac{e^{itz}}{z^2+1} \,\!$	${}=\frac{e^{itz}}{2i}\left(\frac{1}{z-i}-\frac{1}{z+i}\right)\,\!$
	${}=\frac{e^{-t}}{2i}\frac{1}{z-i}+\frac{e^{-t}}{2i}\left( \frac{e^{it(z-i)}-1}{z-i}\right) -\frac{e^{itz}}{2i(z+i)} , \,\!$