Rio de Janeiro (state)

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This article is about the Brazilian state, Rio de Janeiro. For the city with the same name, see Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Flag of Rio de Janeiro Coat of arms of Rio de Janeiro
Anthem
November 15th
Location of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil
Capital
(and largest city)		 Rio de Janeiro
22°54′10, 43°12′28
Demonym Fluminense
Government
 -  Governor Sérgio Cabral Filho
 -  Vice Governor Luís Fernando de Sousa
Area
 -  Total 43,696.1 km² (24th)
Population
 -  2006 estimate 15.561.720 (3rd)
 -  2005 census 15.397.366 
 -  Density 356,1/km² (2nd)
GDP 2005 estimate
 -  Total R$ 222.564.408 (2nd)
 -  Per capita R$ 16.052 (3rd)
HDI (2000) 0.807 (high) (5th)
Abbreviation BR-RJ
Time zone BRT (UTC-3)
 -  Summer (DST) BRST (UTC-2)

Rio de Janeiro (pron. IPA: [ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu] [1]) is one of the 26 states of Brazil.

It is located in the Brazilian geopolitical region of the Southeast (assigned by IBGE) and its boundaries, all of them with other Brazilian states in the Southeast region (Rio de Janeiro is the only state in the Southeast to share borders exclusively with other states in the same macroregion), are with Minas Gerais (N and NW), Espírito Santo (NE) and São Paulo (SW), and plus its shore line, in the Atlantic Ocean, to its East and South.

Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653km² and its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was the capital of the Portuguese colony as of 1763 (the first capital being Salvador da Bahia), capital of the United Kingdom of Brazil, Portugal and Algarves as of 1806 and the capital of independent Brazil from 1822 to 1960.

The state's most populous cities are Rio de Janeiro, Nova Iguaçu, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, São João de Meriti, Campos dos Goytacazes, Petrópolis and Volta Redonda.

Its principal rivers are the Guandu River, the Piraí, the Paraíba do Sul, the Macaé and the Muriaé. It's climate is considered to be tropical.

Rio de Janeiro is made up of two distinct morphological areas: a Plain, known as baixada, and a Plateau, which are disposed parallelly from the shoreline to the country side (towards Minas Gerais).

In the Brazilian flag, the state is represented by the Beta star in the Southern Cross (β = Mimosa).


Contents

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The state is part of the Mata Atlântica biome, and its topography comprises both mountains and plains, located between the Mantiqueira Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. Its coast is carved by the bays of Guanabara, Sepetiba, and Ilha Grande.

There are prominent slopes near the ocean, featuring also diverse environments, such as restinga vegetation, bays, lagoons and tropical forests.

Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil. It has, however, the third longest coastline in the country (second only to Bahia's and Maranhão's), extending 635 kilometers.

Paço Imperial, 18th century palace that served as seat for the colonial government, King John IV of Portugal and the two Emperors of Brazil.
Paço Imperial, 18th century palace that served as seat for the colonial government, King John IV of Portugal and the two Emperors of Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro was originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was busy with the Frenchmen, who intended to install a colony, France Antarctique. Aiming at to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565, the city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá.

In the 17th century, cattle and sugar cane stimulated the city's progress which was definitively assured when the port started to export the extracted gold of Minas Gerais in 18 century. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the headquarters of the Colonial Brazil and the capital of the colony. With the change of the royal family for Brazil, in 1808, the region very was benefited with urban reforms to shelter the Portuguese. Inside of the promoted changes they are distinguished: the transference of agencies of public administration and justice, the creation of new churches, hospitals, foundation of the first bank of the country - the Banco do Brasil - and the Imprensa Régia, with the Gazette do Rio of Janeiro. In following years had also appeared the Jardim Botânico, Academia Real Militar.

Thus, a process of cultural introduction, influenced not only by the arrival of the Royal Family, but also by the presence of European artists who had been hired to register the society and Brazilian nature. In this same time, was born the Escola Real de Ciências, Artes e Ofícios (The Royal School of Sciences, Arts, and Works).

Rio de Janeiro, the capital state of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, the capital state of Rio de Janeiro

In 1834, the city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into neutral city, remaining as capital of the country, while the captainships passed to being provinces, with its headquarters in Niterói, a neighbor city. In 1889, the city was changed into capital of the Republic, the neutral city in federal district and the province in State. With the change of the capital for Brasilia, in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became the State of Guanabara.

In 1975, the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro were merged under the name of Rio de Janeiro, with the city of Rio de Janeiro as state capital. The symbols of the former State of Rio de Janeiro were preserved, while the symbols of Guanabara were attributed to the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Barra da Tijuca cityscape, in Rio de Janeiro.
Barra da Tijuca cityscape, in Rio de Janeiro.
Rio de Janeiro downtown.
Rio de Janeiro downtown.
"A Encantada", the house of Santos-Dumont, in Petrópolis.
"A Encantada", the house of Santos-Dumont, in Petrópolis.

According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 15.593.000 people residing in the state. The population density was 356,1 inh./km². The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 8,513,778 million White people (54.6%), 5,145,690 million Pardo people (33.0%), 1.871.160 million Black people (12.0%), 62 thousand Asian or Amerindian people (0.4%).[2]

The majority of the Whites of the state is of Portuguese descent. The Pardos are a mixture of Europeans with the Blacks and/or Amerindians, varying from light to dark complexion. The Blacks are of African descent, the Asians are mostly Japanese and the Amerindians are the indigenous inhabitants

The state of Rio de Janeiro received 12.4% of European immigrants established in Brazil.[3]

Urbanization: 96.9% (2004); Population growth: 1.3% (1991-2000); Houses: 4.944.333 (2005).

Source: PNAD.

The state's population traces its origins to 2 peoples mainly: the Portuguese and the Africans. Until the mid-19th century, most of the population was made up of black people, but that century saw a vertiginous increase in the European migration from Portugal, causing the number of European whites virtually to even up with the African population. Their numbers are completed by a portion of Indigenous peoples, who also make up the state's population.

The first non-Portuguese immigrants to arrive at the state were the Swiss. In 1818, they founded the township of Nova Friburgo (or New Fribourg) in the mountainous part of the state (Westernmost area, bordering with the state of Minas Gerais). Some time later, Germans started arriving in the Petrópolis region. They established themselves also in Nova Friburgo, in 1823, a year before the great German settlement in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, contradicting the more popular version which attributes to Rio Grande do Sul the status of starting point for the German immigration.

Between 1940 and 1950, 1.466 Japaneses immigrated to Rio de Janeiro, to plant black pepper and clove.[4]

Between 1920 and 1940, 18.372 Syrians and Lebanese immigrated to Rio de Janeiro, to work in commerce and industry.[5]

Italians and Spaniards would arrive slightly later, settling mainly in the State's capital.

The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 51.6%, followed by the service sector at 47.8%. Agriculture represents 0.6% of GDP (2004). Rio de Janeiro (state) exports: petroleum 44.8%, fuel 17.5%, siderurgy 13%, chemicals 3.6%, not ferrous metals 2.8%, vehicles 2.1% (2002).

Participation in the Brazilian economy: 12.6% (2004).[6]

Vehicles: 3.915.724 (jan./2006); Mobile phones: 10 million (2006); Telephones: 5.3 million (2006). Cities: 92 (2006).

The Palácio Universitário, a 19th century Neoclassical building that serves as campus of the UFRJ. The Institutes for Economy, Education and Administration, among others, are based here.
The Palácio Universitário, a 19th century Neoclassical building that serves as campus of the UFRJ. The Institutes for Economy, Education and Administration, among others, are based here.

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, famous for its production.
Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, famous for its production.

It is the great explosion of joy in Rio. A party uniting emotions, creativity, plasticity, colours, sounds and much fantasy. It is the greatest popular party in the world. A unique record of the rich cultural melting pot typical of Brazil.

In Rio de Janeiro, New Year’s Eve celebration involves the whole city population. Local inhabitants and visitors join to celebrate taken by the same euphoria: to be in Rio. The party, one of the most famous in the world, is held on the famous beach of Copacabana, gathering thousands of people to enjoy musical performances and fireworks – increasingly exuberant year after year.

International Airport of Rio de Janeiro, located in the North Zone.
International Airport of Rio de Janeiro, located in the North Zone.

Since August 2004, with the transfer of many flights from Santos-Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to Brazil. According to data from the official Brazilian travel bureau, Embratur, nearly 40% of foreign tourists who visit Brazil choose Rio as their gateway, meaning Galeão Airport. Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights, Galeão has connections to more than 18 countries. It can handle up to 15 million users a year in two passenger terminals. Located only 20 kilometers from downtown Rio, the international airport is served by several quick access routes, such as the Linha Vermelha and Linha Amarela freeways and Avenida Brasil, thus conveniently serving residents of the city’s southern, northern and western zones. There are special shuttle buses linking Galeão to Santos-Dumont, and bus and taxi service to the rest of the city. The airport complex also has Brazil’s longest runway at 4.240 meters, and one of South America’s largest and best equipped cargo logistics terminals.

BR-101, BR-116, BR-040, BR-354, BR-356, BR-393, BR-465, BR-493, BR-495.

The João Havelange Stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games.
The João Havelange Stadium built for the 2007 Pan American Games.

More notable sports events in Rio include the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix and the World Beach volleyball finals. Jacarepaguá was the place of Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix into 1978-1990 and the Champ Car event into 1996-1999. WCT/WQS Surf championships were contested on the beaches from 1985-2001. The city has built a new stadium near the Maracanã, to hold 45,000 people. It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange. Sports are a very popular pastime in Rio de Janeiro. The most popular is futebol (soccer). Rio de Janeiro is home to four traditional Brazilian football clubs:Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco.

Rio de Janeiro is one of the 18 remaining candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the only South American bidder.

In the foreground of the state flag, an eagle, symbol of Brazil's royal family, appears. In the background, the rock formation Dedo de Deus ("The Finger of God"), which is visible from the city of Rio de Janeiro in a clear day. The outer part of the coat of arms represents the state's agricultural richness, sugarcane (left) and coffee (right).

  1. ^ The presented pronunciation is in Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in Rio de Janeiro. Other possible pronunciations in Brazil are: IPA: ['ʁiu de ʒa'neʲɾu] (Rio Grande do Sul), IPA: ['riu di ʒa'neɾu] (São Paulo) and IPA: ['xiu di ʒa'neɾu] (Northeast). The European Portuguese pronunciation is: /'ʁiu dɨ ʒɐ'nɐiɾu/.
  2. ^ (2007) Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2007 (PDF) (in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. 
  3. ^ (2003) European Immigration (PDF) (in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Minimanual Compacto de Geografia do Brasil, Editora Rideel. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. 
  4. ^ (2006) Japanese Colony (PDF) (in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved on 2007-11-28. 
  5. ^ (2006) Arab Colony (PDF) (in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved on 2007-11-28. 
  6. ^ (2004) List of Brazilian states by GDP (PDF) (in Portuguese), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IBGE. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. 

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v • d • e
Regions and States of Brazil
Brazilian Federal District
North Acre · Amapá · Amazonas · Pará · Rondônia · Roraima · Tocantins
Northeast Alagoas · Bahia · Ceará · Maranhão · Paraíba · Pernambuco · Piauí · Rio Grande do Norte · Sergipe
Center-West Goiás · Mato Grosso · Mato Grosso do Sul
Southeast Espírito Santo · Minas Gerais · Rio de Janeiro · São Paulo
South Paraná · Rio Grande do Sul · Santa Catarina


Coordinates: 22°54′36″S, 43°10′32″W

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