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Robert Theodore Gunther (23 August 1869 – 9 March 1940) was a historian of science and founder of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford.

Gunther's father, Albert Günther, was keeper of Zoology at the British Museum in London. Robert Gunther was educated at University College School, attached to University College London. He was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford in 1887. He took this up in 1888, having already studied at University College, Oxford. He joined the Oxford University Scientic Club in his first term at Magdelen and subsequently he took up a Fellowship at the College.

From 1923, Robert Gunther produced a fourteen volume set of books on Early Science in Oxford, his magnum opus, the last appearing in 1945. These were initially produced under the auspices of the Oxford Historical Society and printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. A fifteenth volume by his son A. E. Gunther in 1967 covered Robert Gunther himself.

Between 1926 and 1930, Gunther founded the Museum of the History of Science in the Old Ashmolean building, with some difficulty: it is apparent that few of his contemporaries shared his passion for historical scientific instruments, and indeed the Early Science series makes barbed comments about the failure of predecessors in various august bodies to preserve such things. The museum's initial collection was based on the scientific instrument collection of his friend Lewis Evans.

Gunther died after a short illness, while staying at a friends's house in the south Oxfordshire village of South Stoke. He and his wife, Amy, are buried at Heacham, Norfolk, in the Rolfe family plot, having written their family history.

• Gunther, A. E., Robert T. Gunther: A pioneer in the history of science 1869–1940. Early Science in Oxford, Volume XV. Oxford, 1967.