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This page will detail the various styles used by royalty and nobility in Europe, in the final form arrived at in the nineteenth century. In earlier years, many different styles were used, with little standardization. Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are or were properly addressed.

Contents 1 Imperial, royal, and princely styles 2 Noble styles in Britain 3 Noble styles in Germany 4 Sources and references 5 See also

Emperors and Empresses enjoyed the style of His/Her Imperial Majesty (HIM).

Members of imperial families were generally styled His/Her Imperial Highness (HIH).

• In Austria, the members of the Imperial family, due to their status as also members of the royal family of the Apostolic kingdom of Hungary, held the style of Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH), but actually traditionally the other way around: "königliche und kaiserliche Hoheit".

• Also in the German Empire, the other 'heir' to the Holy Roman empire, the Emperor and Empress would be addressed as Imperial and Royal Majesty because of them ruling over the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire.

• In Russia, children and male-line grandchildren of the Emperor had the style of Imperial Highness (HIH). Male-line great-grandchildren held the style of Highness (HH). Also, the eldest son of any person who held the style of Highness also held the style of Highness. All other male-line descendants held the style Serenity, often translated as Serene Highness (HSH). Some Russian noble princes also hold the style of Serenity; all others and Russian Counts hold the style of Illustriousness, often translated as Illustrious Highness (HIllH).

Kings and Queens have the style of Majesty (HM).

Members of royal families (Princes and Princesses) generally have the style of Royal Highness (HRH), although in some royal families (for instance, Denmark), more junior princes and princesses only bear the style of His or Her Highness (HH).

Reigning Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses hold the style of Royal Highness (HRH).

The styles of members of Grand Ducal families have been inconsistent. In Luxembourg, more senior members of the family have also been Royal Highnesses, but only due to their status as Bourbon princes of Parma. In Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, junior members held the style of Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH). Members of other grand ducal families generally held the style of Highness (HH).

Reigning Dukes and Duchesses bore the style of Highness (HH), as did other members of ducal families.

Junior members of some ducal families bore the style of Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH), although it fell out of fashion.

The Elector of Hesse-Kassel also bore the style of Highness, as did other members of the Hesse-Kassel family.

Mediatized Dukes and reigning and mediatized Fürsten and Fürstinnen ("Princes" and "Princesses") bear the style of Serene Highness (HSH, German Durchlaucht), as do other members of princely families. Members of reigning princely families are also styled Serene Highness (HSH).

Mediatized Counts and Countesses bear the style of Illustrious Highness (HIllH, German Erlaucht).

• Dukes and Duchesses in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom bear the style of Grace, eg. "His Grace", "Your Grace". They also hold the style of Most High, Potent, and Noble Prince, but even in the most formal situations that is usually simply abbreviated to Most Noble, and even that style is quite archaic and very formal.

• Marquesses and Marchionesses bear the styles of The Most Honourable and Lordship (e.g. "His Lordship," "Her Ladyship," "Your Lordship," and "Your Ladyship.") They also hold the style of Most Noble and Puissant Prince, but even in the most formal situations this style is rarely used.

• Earls, Countesses, Viscounts, Viscountesses, Barons, and Baronesses bear the styles of The Right Honourable and Lordship. Earls and Countesses also hold the style of Most Noble and Puissant Prince, but, as with Marquesses and Marchionesses, even in the most formal situations this style is rarely used.

For more details, see Forms of Address in the United Kingdom

The nobility and all related styles were abolished with the Weimar Constitution of 1919, but are sometimes used socially.

Non-mediatized noble Dukes in Germany bear the style of Serene Highness (HSH) or High Born (Hochgeboren).

Non-mediatized noble Fürsten (princes) in Germany bear the styles of Serene Highness, Princely Grace (fürstliche Gnaden), or High Born.

Other non-mediatized German nobles of the rank of count or higher bear the style of High Born.

German nobles below the rank of count bear the style of High Well Born (Hochwohlgeboren).

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• heraldica.org
• RoyalArk, mainly for non-European monarchies
• Genealogists Discover Royal Roots for All

• Peerage, Styles and titles of peers in the United Kingdom
• Royal and noble ranks
• Prince compares various types of Princes of the blood and ruling princes
• Princely state treats the nobility, mainly ruling houses, in the colonial context of the British Empire
• Nobility
• Clergy, Ecclesiastical Addresses, Prince of the church