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Salamanders Fossil range: Jurassic - Recent
Salamandra salamandra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia Order: Caudata/Urodela
Suborders
Cryptobranchoidea Salamandroidea Sirenoidea

Salamander (orig. from Persian: sām, Fire, and andarūn, Within) is the common name applied to approximately 500 species of amphibians typically with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. The moist skin of these amphibians usually makes them reliant on habitats in or near water or under some protection on moist ground, often in a swamp. Some species are aquatic throughout life, some take to the water intermittently, and some are entirely terrestrial as adults. They lay shelless eggs in water. They are capable of regenerating lost limbs. Salamanders split off from the other amphibians during the Mesozoic, and initially were similar to modern members of the Cryptobranchoidea. Any resemblance to lizards is the result of the basic tetrapod body plan, as they are no more closely related to lizards than they are to mammals. Their nearest relatives are the caecilians, little known legless amphibians.

Contents 1 Habitat 2 Classification 3 Mythology 4 Popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 External references

Species of salamanders are numerous and found in most moist or arid habitats in the northern hemisphere. Most are small, but some reach up to 5 inches (130 mm) in length. They live in brooks and ponds and other moist locations such as under rocks. North America has the hellbender and the mudpuppy which can reach the length of a foot (30 cm) or more. In Japan and China the giant salamander is found, which reaches 6 feet (2 m) and weighs up to 30 kilograms.^[1][2]

There are ten families belonging to the order Urodela, divided into three suborders:

Cryptobranchoidea (Giant salamanders)
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Cryptobranchidae	Giant salamanders	Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)
Hynobiidae	Asiatic salamanders
Salamandroidea (Advanced salamanders)
Ambystomatidae	Mole salamanders	Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum)
Amphiumidae	Amphiumas or Congo eels	Two-toed Amphiuma (Amphiuma means)
Dicamptodontidae	Pacific giant salamanders	Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)
Plethodontidae	Lungless salamanders	Red Back Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
Proteidae	Mudpuppies and waterdogs	Olm (Proteus anguinus)
Rhyacotritonidae	Torrent salamanders	Southern Torrent Salamander (Rhyacotriton variegatus)
Salamandridae	Newts and true salamanders	Alpine Newt (Triturus alpestris)
Sirenoidea (Sirens)
Sirenidae	Sirens	Greater Siren (Siren lacertina)

Main article: Salamander (legendary creature)

Numerous legends have developed around the salamander over the centuries, many related to fire. This connection likely originates from the tendency of many salamanders to dwell inside rotting logs. When placed into a fire, the salamander would attempt to escape from the log, lending to the belief that the salamander was created from flames. Associations of the salamander with fire appear in the Talmud and the Hadith, as well as in the writings of Conrad Lycosthenes, Benvenuto Cellini, Ray Bradbury, David Weber, Paracelsus and Leonardo da Vinci.

• see also Newts in Popular culture

Literature

• In Cyrano de Bergerac's "Estates and Empires of the Sun and Moon" he depicts a battle between the salamander as fire-creature and the remora as ice-creature, culminating in the triumph of the remora.
• In Karel Čapek´s science fiction novel War with the Newts, also called War with the Salamanders, the species Andrias Scheuchzeri takes the main role.
• In the Discworld novel The Truth, salamanders are used as a source of light similar to a flash-bulb for iconography.
• Salamanders are occasionally mentioned in the Harry Potter book series.
• In Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451, the salamander is used symbolically to represent the fireman's ability to burn literature yet 'regenerate' happiness to the people in the totalitarian society.
• Harry Turtledove's novel The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump supplants many common objects and machines with magical contrivances. Salamanders are used in lieu of water heaters, and so-called "megasalamanders" are Turtledove's magical equivalent of nuclear weapons.
• Salamanders are also known as minor snake demons according to lore.
• In David Weber's Honorverse series of novels, the main character, Honor Harrington, is often referred to as "The Salamander" as she is always to be found where the action is the hottest.

Gaming

• Salamander is a Konami shooting game.
• In Earthworm Jim 2, there is a stage where Jim transforms from an earthworm to a blind cave salamander.
• In Dungeon Keeper 2, salamanders are one of the earliest unit types available to the player.
• In the Kingdom of Loathing, players can cast a spell during combat which turns the enemy into either a salamander, newt, or frog.
• In Castlevania: Circle of the Moon, the Salamander is a DSS (Dual Set-up System) card, which enables the character to use fire magics.
• In the MMORPG RuneScape, players can obtain salamanders and use them as a flamethrower-like weapon.
• In Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur, the protagonist Arthur is able to turn into a salamander using magic. In the game the salamander possesses resistance to fire.
• In Warhammer 40k, Salamanders, a chapter of Space Marines, favor heat- and fire-based weapons.

Animation

• In the anime Legendz, Salamander is an anthropomorphic fire lizard who is relegated a role as a minor character.
• In the Pokémon franchise, Wooper and its evolved form, Quagsire are salamanders; Mudkip and its evolutions fill the same role. Salamence is also a Salamander pokemon, hence the name; Charmander is a salamander-like Pokémon with characteristics of the mythical salamander.
• In Naruto, the character Kankuro has a defensive puppet called Sanshouo, which means Salamander in Japanese. The puppet also has a strong resemblance to its namesake. Another character is known as "Salamander" Hanzo, and can summon giant salamanders to use in battle.
• In the anime Fullmetal Alchemist, the character Roy Mustang is able to control fire by means of a special glove made out of ignition cloth. The glove features a red transmutation circle with a salamander.
• Cytomander, a character from the Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann anime series, has his name formed from the combination of Salamander and the chemical component Cytosine.
• In the anime Yu-Gi-Oh! there is a card named Salamandra alluding to the mythological Salamander.
• During a Simpsons episode Homer becomes the saftey Salamander.

1. ^ Digitally tagging and releasing.
2. ^ International Giant Salamander Protection Site.

• San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences, Marina Alcobendas, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea". American Naturalist 165: 590-599. 

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