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Samuel Rutherford (1600? – 1661) was a Scottish Presbyterian theologian and author. He was one of the Scottish Commissioners to the Westminster Assembly.

Born at Nisbet, Roxburghshire, Rutherford was educated at Edinburgh University, where he became in 1623 Regent of Humanity (Professor of Latin). In 1627 he was settled as minister of Anwoth in Galloway, from where he was banished to Aberdeen for nonconformity. His patron in Galloway was John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure. On the re-establishment of Presbytery in 1638 he was made Professor of Divinity at St. Andrews, and in 1651 Principal of St. Mary's College there. At the Restoration he was deprived of all his offices.

Contents 1 Rutherford's Writings 2 See also 3 Reference 4 External links

Rutherford's political book, Lex, Rex, presented a theory of limited government and constitutionalism. It laid the foundation for later political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke and thus for modern political systems such as that of the United States. After the Restoration, English authorities burned Lex, Rex and cited the author for high treason, which his death prevented from taking effect.

Rutherford supported the rule by law rather than rule by men, based on such concepts as the separation of powers and the covenant, a precursor to the social contract. His was also known for his spiritual and devotional works, such as Christ Dying and drawing Sinners to Himself and his Letters. Rutherford was a strong supporter of the divine right of Presbytery, the principle that the Bible calls for Presbyterian church government. Among his polemical works are Due Right of Presbyteries (1644), Lex, Rex (1644), and Free Disputation against Pretended Liberty of Conscience.

• Covenanters
• Andrew Bonar who edited Rutherford's Letters for publication in 1863

• Cook, Faith (ed), Grace in Winter: Rutherford in Verse, (1996), ISBN 0-85151-555-X
• Coffey, John, Politics, Religion and the British Revolutions: The Mind of Samuel Rutherford, (1997), ISBN 0-521-58172-9

• Lex, Rex in its entirety
• A short biography and selected writings
• Rutherford's Letters, sample
• Selected writings
• A Free Disputation Against Pretended Liberty of Conscience by Rutherford
• Samuel Rutherford by Alexander Whyte, available at Project Gutenberg.

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This article incorporates public domain text from: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J.M. Dent & sons; New York, E.P. Dutton.