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Santo Domingo de Guzman
Santo Domingo south coast
Nickname: La Capital
Motto: Ciudad Primada de América
Coordinates: 18°30′N 69°59′W / 18.5, -69.983
Country	Dominican Republic
Province	Distrito Nacional (National District)
Founded	August 5, 1494
Government
- Mayor	Roberto Salcedo
Area
- City	104.44 km² (40.3 sq mi)
Population (2007)
- City	913,540
- Density	8,747/km² (22,654.6/sq mi)
- Metro	2,253,437
Website: http://www.adn.gov.do/

Santo Domingo de Guzman (known as Santo Domingo) population 2,061,200 (Metro) (2003), estimated 2,253,437 (Metro) in 2006, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic. The city is located at 18°29′N, 69°55′W in the Caribbean Sea at the mouth of the Ozama River. It is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of Spanish colonial rule in the New World . In 1930, the city of Santo Domingo was almost completely demolished by a tropical hurricane called San Zenon. Dictator Rafael Trujillo, the incumbent at the time, reconstructed the city and named it Ciudad Trujillo after himself. After his assassination in 1961, Ciudad Trujillo became Santo Domingo de Guzman as today's actual name. Santo Domingo de Guzman is within the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional (D.N.) and the Santo Domingo Province surrounds it. In 2001 a law was approved making Santo Domingo de Guzmán (The City & D.N) less than 200 km² in size, making it the smallest administrative division in the country.

Please note that when the article refers to Santo Domingo it is most likely referring to the Greater Santo Domingo Area (D.N + Santo Domingo Province) to avoid confusion of the terms. In some cases it may say D.N. which specifically means the city Boundaries without including the surrounding Santo Domingo province.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Government and Politics 3.1 Crime 4 Education 5 Landmarks 6 Transportation 6.1 Public transport 6.2 Highways 6.3 Rail transport 6.4 Airports 7 Communication 7.1 Television Signals In Santo Domingo 7.2 Radio Stations In Santo Domingo 7.3 Telephone Provider 7.4 Internet Information 8 Places of interest 8.1 Colonial District of Santo Domingo 8.2 Museums 8.3 Parks and Recreational Areas 9 Sports 10 Photo Gallery 11 Sister cities 12 Notable residents 13 See also 14 References 15 External links

Main article: History of the Dominican Republic

Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Taíno Indians populated the island they called Quisqueya (mother of all lands) or what is known today as Hispaniola, including the part now occupied by Haiti. At the time, the island was governed by a system of Casicazgo (chieftains) consisting of five divisions; Marien, Magua, Maguana, Jaragua and Higuey by caciques (chiefs) like Guacanagarix, Maireni, Macorix, Caonabo, Enriquillo, Hatuey among others.

Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, founded the settlement and named it after Saint Dominic, which is today the oldest European city in the New World. In reality, the city dates back to 1496, the period when the first Europeans settled there, although it was officially founded on August 5, 1498. Governor general Nicolás de Ovando arrived in 1502 with a fleet of 30 ships and 2,500 men.^{[citation needed]} Santo Domingo was destroyed by a hurricane shortly after his arrival and he had it rebuilt on a different site nearby (Meining 1986:9). The original layout of the city and a large portion of its defensive wall can still be appreciated today throughout the Colonial Zone, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990. The Colonial Zone, bordered by the Río Ozama also has an impressive collection of 16th century buildings, including palatial houses and majestic churches that reflect the architectural style of the late medieval period.

The city's most important colonial buildings include the Catedral Santa María La Menor (Catedral Primada de América), which is the first Catholic cathedral in America; the Alcázar de Colón, once the residence of Don Diego Colón, the son of Christopher Columbus who became viceroy of the colony; the Monasterio de San Francisco, the ruins of the first monastery in America; the Museo de las Casas Reales, the former Palace of the Governor General and the Palace of Royal Audiences; the Parque Colón, a historic square; the Fortaleza Ozama, the oldest fortress in America; the Pantéon Nacional, a former Jesuit edifice now hosting the remains of various renown members of the Dominican Order; and the Iglesia del Convento Dominico, the first convent in America.

Throughout its first century, Santo Domingo was the launching pad for much of the exploration and conquest of the New World.^{[citation needed]} The expeditions that led to Ponce de Leon's discovery of Puerto Rico, Hernando Cortes' conquest of Mexico and Balboa's sighting of the Pacific Ocean all started from Santo Domingo.^{[citation needed]}

In 1586, Francis Drake invaded and pillaged Hispaniola. This so weakened Spanish dominion over the island that for more than 50 years all but the capital was abandoned and left to the mercy of the pirates. In 1655, the French invaded the west end of the island, and after several treaties and forced annexations, the portion of the island controlled by Santo Domingo was reduced to less than half.^{[citation needed]}Later on, in 1822, the Haitians, commanded by Jean-Pierre Boyer, took over the entire island, and the island's Spanish-speaking residents had to fight for their lost independence and survival. Finally, on February 27, 1844, the Spanish part of the island regained its independence after 22 years of Haitian rule due to a group of patriots headed by Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Ramón Matías Mella, being the Puerta del Conde the main scenario of this relevant event. It was then when the Spanish part of the island became the country known today as the Dominican Republic.

After independence was achieved, various political factions struggled for control of Santo Domingo. In addition to this instability, the country had to fight continuous Haitian incursions, which were in their totality defeated. In 1861, the Spanish returned to Santo Domingo and annexed the country for four years; this period is known as the Anexión a España. After that, Santo Domingo went through many power changes, including the 20th century Trujillo dictatorship (established after the 1916–1924 occupation by U.S. Marines), which lasted from 1930 to 1961 and ended with the execution of the dictator (during this time Santo Domingo was known officially as Ciudad Trujillo); as well as the multiple presidencies of Joaquin Balaguer, who governed the country for 22 years. These civil wars and political struggles marked the first 70 years of the country's independence.

The year 1992 marked the 500th anniversary, El Quinto Centenario, of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America. The Columbus Lighthouse (Faro a Colón), with an approximate cost of 400 million Dominican pesos, was erected, amidst great controversy, in honor of this occasion.^{[citation needed]}

There are some museums dedicated to the history of the Dominican Republic, the Museo de las Casas Reales is dedicated to the colonial period; while the soon-to-be renovated Museo de Historia y Geografía is dedicated to the Dominican history prior the Discovery up to contemporary times. The history of the Independence is summarized in the Museo y Casa de Duarte and the Altar de la Patria.

The cobblestone streets and late medieval architecture of the Western Hemisphere's first city let visitors glimpse the colonial past as vibrant nightlife, warm beaches and up-market resorts take historic Santo Domingo into its future.^{[citation needed]}

Santo Domingo is located on the south central coast of the island of Hispaniola where it meets the Caribbean Sea. This position was of great importance to the city's economic development and the growth of trade during colonial times. The Ozama River, located to the east of the city, is where the country's busiest port is located.

Metropolitan Santo Domingo is divided into four municipal Sections mostly for administrative reasons. These sections are Santo Domingo Norte, Santo Domingo Este, Santo Domingo Oeste, which all together make part of the Santo Domingo province and Santo Domingo de Guzman which is within the D.N boundaries, all of which have different administrative orders. Santo Domingo to the north has the section of Villa Mella (Municipal District) which makes part of Santo Domingo Norte (Municipal Section). To the east it has San Isidro(Municipal District) and to the west it borders Province of San Cristobal and Bajos de Haina. The Ozama River and Isabella end at the Center of Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo is relatively low in altitude with several high hills.

The average temperature varies little in the city, because the tropical tradewinds help mitigate the heat and humidity throughout the year. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Santo Domingo and the rest of the country are in the Caribbean and have a tropical climate, which makes them very vulnerable to hurricanes.

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Avg high °F (°C)	82 (27)	82 (27)	83 (28)	84 (28)	84 (28)	86 (30)	86 (30)	86 (30)	86 (30)	86 (30)	85 (29)	82 (27)	84 (28)
Avg low temperature °F (°C)	70 (21)	70 (21)	71 (21)	73 (22)	75 (23)	76 (24)	76 (24)	76 (24)	75 (23)	75 (23)	73 (22)	71 (21)	73 (22)
Rainfall in. (cm)	2.2 (5)	1.5 (4)	1.9 (4)	3.0 (7)	7.0 (17)	6.1 (15)	6.1 (15)	6.4 (16)	6.8 (17)	6.5 (16)	4.4 (11)	2.5 (6)	54.5 (138)
Source: Weatherbase

Santo Domingo contains a wide variety of incomes, ranging from the extremely poor to the highly rich. Areas of high income families are found in the central Poligon of the city, which is bordered by the Autopista Kennedy to the North, Avenida 27 de Febrero to the South, Avenida Winston Churchill to the west and Maximo Gomez to the east and is characterized by its mostly residential area and its distinguished nightlife.

Santo Domingo has areas of high development like Naco, Piantini, Paraiso, Bella Vista, Sarasota and other neighborhoods, which mostly consist of costly buildings and luxury houses, contrasting with the outskirts of the city like Villa Mella, Los Alcarrizos and Herrera which are less economically developed.

Bella Vista and La Esperilla are currently the neighborhoods with the highest income growth and with tall mega-construction projects sparking the city skyline. Gazcue is one of the more historic places in the city, dating back to its early construction in the 1930s until the 60's.

Commercial centers in the city are mostly found in Avenida Winston Churchill, where large plazas like Acropolis Center and large supermarkets are found. This area is home to most of the banks in the city like Scotiabank, Citibank, Banco BHD, Banco del Progreso, Banreservas, to name a few. 27 de Febrero Avenue is very commercially successful and is considered the most important crosstown avenue in the city. The oldest mall plazas in the country are Plaza Central and Plaza Naco, which served as the first commercial center in the city until the recent construction of others, which quickly became new alternatives. Bella Vista Mall and the Acropolis Center are two of the newest malls built in the city, attracting much of the high income families.

Most of the city's poor live in the barrios outside the center. Some live in extreme conditions of poverty and in slums, intensifying the city's economic contrast. Santo Domingo Norte is statistically the poorest subdivision of the metropolitan area.^{[citation needed]}

Santo Domingo is the center of the national government of the Dominican Republic. The National Palace, which is the President's office, as well as the National Congress, are located in the metropolitan area.

The current mayor of the City of Santo Domingo is Roberto Esmérito Salcedo of the governing Dominican Liberation Party. The City is administered by the Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional (City Hall), which is responsible for municipal functions. The "Policia Nacional" and "Policia Turística" (POLITUR) are assigned for enforcing city safety.

In the past five years crime has been a big issue in Santo Domingo and the rest of the country. Following the 2003 collapse of a major Dominican bank (BANINTER), which significantly brought the economy down, crime has soared. In Santo Domingo, crime rates are higher than in the past, especially those involving armed robbery, daylight robbery, and in many cases drug sale. In 2006, incumbent president Leonel Fernández published a decree prohibiting the sales of alcoholic beverages after midnight on weekdays, causing a great deal of controversy. Despite efforts to control violence, citizens say little has been done to confront it. Crime was significantly reduced in the year 2007 inpart by the different actions the government has taken.

There are eighteen universities in Santo Domingo, the highest number of any city in the Dominican Republic. Established in 1538, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) is the oldest university in the New World and is also the only public university in the city. Santo Domingo holds the nation's highest percentage of residents with a higher education degree.^{[citation needed]}. It is now a really unsafe place for tourist.

Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo (UASD)

Universidad Adventista Dominicana (UNAD)

Universidad APEC (UNAPEC)

Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC)

Universidad del Caribe (UNICARIBE)

Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) (UNIBE)

Universidad Católica de Santo Domingo (UCSD)

Universidad de la Tercera Edad (UTE)

Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago (UTESA)

Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña (UNPHU)

Instituto de Ciencias Exactas (INCE)

Universidad Organización y Método (O&M)

Universidad Interamericana (UNICA)

Universidad Eugenio María de Hostos (UNIREMOS)

Universidad Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal (UFHEC)

Universidad Instituto Cultural Domínico Americano (UNICDA)

Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM)

Instituto Tecnológico de las Americas (ITLA)

Famous landmarks in Santo Domingo include the Calle El Conde, the Puerta de la Misericordia, the Catedral Santa María La Menor (Catedral Primada de América), and the Alcázar de Colón, all of which are located within the Zona Colonial district of the city. This part was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990.

Outside of the colonial quarters, the area surrounding the Malecón (seawall) is a vibrant commercial and tourist center, having as a centerpiece the large obelisk located at the eastern end of the George Washington avenue.

Other places of interest are Plaza de la Cultura, which houses the city's most important cultural venues such as the Teatro Nacional and the Museo de Arte Moderno; the Palacio de Bellas Artes, a neoclassical theatre that is the permanent home of the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional (National Symphony Orchestra); the Parque Mirador Sur, a six square kilometers park in the southwestern part of the city; the Faro a Colón, a cross-shaped lighthouse built in honor of Christopher Columbus; and the Boulevard 27 de Febrero, a pedestrian promenade located on the busy Avenida 27 de Febrero which displays many works of art from prominent Dominican artists and sculptors.

Another attraction is the Centro Olímpico Juan Pablo Duarte a sports complex in the center of Santo Domingo. This complex was used during the 2003 Pan-American Games, but has been severely abandoned since.

The main public transportation system is managed by the Oficina Metropolitana de Servicios de Autobuses (OMSA), which is funded by the government. Buses without air conditioning cost $5DOP (Dominican Peso), roughly $.17USD[1USD-33DOP], whereas buses with air conditioning cost $10DOP and tend to be more comfortable and less crowded. There are also express buses that only stop at major transportation hubs.^{[citation needed]} Although this is the transport that the government provides, it has deficiencies and doesn't cover all the needs for transportation around the city. The method that supplies this deficiency is the called "conchos", which are compact cars that cover routes, usually in main avenues or strategic streets and that stop for passengers; not having established stops.

There are 5 major highways in the Dominican Republic that link the city to different areas in the country. "Autopista Duarte" DR-1 is the longest, connecting Santo Domingo to Santiago de los Caballeros and other cities in the north. DR-2 connects the city to the southwestern region of the island. DR-3 connects the city of Santo Domingo with the eastern region of the country, which is where most tourist hotels and resorts are found.

Main article: Santo Domingo Metro

The Santo Domingo Metro is a 15km underground and elevated system consisting of three proposed lines. The first line is currently under construction and crosses the Santo Domingo province from north to south. This line will begin elevated at Villa Mella (Santo Domingo Norte), located north of the Isabela River and north of the city center and will terminate at Centro de los Héroes in the southern coast of Santo Domingo, near the seawall district (Malecon). Some of the stops on the first line will be the Teatro Nacional (National Theatre), the main campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) and Avenida Lincoln.

The second line is proposed to run in an east-west direction beneath Avenida 27 de Febrero, crossing the first line. The third line will also run in an east-west direction, but it will run beneath Avenida John F. Kennedy.^{[citation needed]}

The first line is expected to be completed for February 27, 2008, but not available to the public until late June 2008^{[citation needed]}. Presently around 75% of the physical construction is done and the viaduct is almost completely finished.

The Charles de Gaulle station will be named after Dominican martyr Florinda Soriano Muñoz (Mamá Tingó).

• Las Américas International Airport

Santo Domingo is served by two international airports, the main one being Las Américas International Airport JFPG. The airport has two terminals, the newer one just completed in 2006 added four more gates on the northern end of the facility. The airport is currently the busiest in the country, handling over 2.5 million passengers per year.^[1]

• La Isabela International Airport

The Aeropuerto Internacional La Isabela is a secondary, newly constructed airport located in the northern section of the city, within kilometres of the city center. It is not currently used as a major international airport, servicing mostly domestic and charter flights. It was built to replace the obsolete Herrera Airport, which was considered by many too dangerous due to the proximity to commercial and residential areas.^{[citation needed]} Many pilots also cited the length of the runway as inadequate for most private jets^{[citation needed]}.

They are 15 TV stations (both UHF and VHF) in Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo has the greatest number of TV signals in the country, followed by Santiago De los Caballeros.

Additional cable TV channels are provided by companies like Aster , Cable TV Dominicana and Telecable.

VHF

• Teleantillas (2)
• CERTV (4)
• Telemicro (5)
• Antena Latina (7)
• Color Visión (9)
• Telesistema (11)
• Telecentro (13)

UHF

• Digital 15 (15)
• Telefuturo (23)
• RNN (27)
• Supercanal (33)
• CDN (37)
• Coral 39 (39)
• Teleradio América (canal 45)
• Santo Domingo TV (canal 69)

In Santo Domingo there are 34 different stations in AM frequency and 44 in FM frequency.

Codetel (Compañía Dominicana de Teléfonos) was originally the provider of telephone service in the Dominican Republic since the 1940s. The company was later bought by Verizon; and was later sold to América Móvil; it was named Codetel again, because of marketing strategy. The company uses the name Claro for its cellular phones division. The second landline competitor is Tricom, which is a minor competitor, Codetel being the dominant service provider in the country. Other mobile providers include Tricom, Cenntenial and Orange, the last and Claro having the majority of the mobile phone service provider market.

The National Area Codes are 809 and 829. In 2005 a new area code (829) was made as an overlay of 809 due to the increase of fax, internet, mobile, and ground lines created in the last decade. The Dominican Republic uses +1-809-XXX-XXXX and +1-829-XXX-XXXX as the official format for telephone numbers.

.do is the internet code for The Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic has an estimated 400,000 internet users.

Oldest Continuously Populated City in The New World.^{[citation needed]} It can be traced back to as early as 1500's after Columbus arrival. Colonial City is a UNESCO Historic Site. Discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1486

The City of Santo Domingo has a numerous museums, most of them are within the Zona Colonial District.

• Museum of Alcázar
• Naval Museum of the Atarazanas
• Museum of the Casas Reales
• Museum of Duarte
• Museum of Natural History
• Museum of Dominican Man
• World of Ambar Museum
• Museum of Modern Art
• National Museum of History and Geography

Santo Domingo has various parks, three of which are called Miradores and are located in the North, South and east sections of the city. Eventhough these parks are relatively big, Santo Domingo still lacks enough recreational areas.

• Mirador Norte Park, lies in the North of the city close to Villa Mella
• Enriquillo Park
• Mirador Sur Park, located in the Southwest section of the city
• Mirador Este Park, located across the Ozama River near Faro Colón
• Independencia Park, located in Zona Colonial
• Colón Park, located in Zona Colonial
• Las Praderas Metropolitan Park
• The Malecon, cityfront coastal park
• Botanical Gardens
• National Zoo
• Barrio Chino ( Chinatown )

Santo Domingo is home to the Leones del Escogido and Tigres del Licey baseball clubs of the Dominican Winter League. Estadio Quisqueya serves as the home stadium for both teams. Baseball is the most popular sport in the city, however, basketball, tennis, golf and other sports are played as well.^{[citation needed]} Centro Olimpico Juan Pablo Duarte is the central sports complex of the city, located at the center of the city. Estadio Quisqueya is undergoing an expansion and re-construction project for the 2008-09 Winter League Season.^{[citation needed]}

They are several Sporting Clubs in the city of Santo Domingo (Private). The most popular are Club Arroyo Hondo, Club Naco, Club Paraiso, Club los Prados and the Santo Domingo Tennis Club which is a very popular tennis center.

The coast of the City of Santo Domingo. "El Malecón"	Santo Domingo's modern architecture.	Section of La Esperilla, a high area of development within the D. N.	Town Houses in Zona Colonial
John F. Kennedy Avenue, Santo Domingo.	Santo Domingo at night.	1600's Colonial style buildings in Zona Colonial	Anacaona Avenue in Santo Domingo.
Bella Vista Mall & Plaza, the city’s newest upscale mall	Downtown Area	Alcázar de Colón in the historic Center of Santo Domingo"Zona Colonial"	Vaulted ceiling of Catedral Santa María La Menor.

Santo Domingo has twinning agreements with the following sister cities:

New York City, United Sates Berlin,Germany Miami, United Sates Barcelona, Spain Caracas, Venezuela Sarasota, Florida Madrid,Spain Toronto, Canada Haifa, Israel Buenos Aires, Argentina Boston, Massachusetts Bern, Switzerland Taipei, Taiwan London, UK Tenerife,Gran Canaria Spain Juan Luis Guerra,singer, composer Francisco García, G/F for the Sacramento Kings Albert Pujols, infielder for the St. Louis Cardinals David Ortiz, designated hitter for the Boston Red Sox Manny Ramírez, outfielder for the Boston Red Sox Sammy Sosa, outfielder for the Texas Rangers Moisés Alou, outfielder for the New York Mets Pedro Martínez, Pitcher for the New York Mets 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo Highways of the Dominican Republic Communications in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Metro de Santo Domingo Colonial City of Santo Domingo ^ Aerodom Siglo XXI. Number of Passengers by Airport in 2004 (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Meinig, D.W. (1986). The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History. Volume I - Atlantic America, 1492-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03882-8 Santo Domingo; Fragmentos De Patria by Banreservas ISBN 99934-898-9-5 Dominicana Online, República Dominicana Santo Domingo, República Dominicana: a complete guide about Dominican Republic in Spanish Traveling to Santo Domingo v • d • e Capitals of North America Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe – Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis – Belmopan, Belize – Bridgetown, Barbados – Castries, Saint Lucia – Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands – Cockburn Town, Turks and Caicos – Fort-de-France, Martinique – George Town, Cayman Islands – Guatemala City, Guatemala – Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy – Hamilton, Bermuda – Havana, Cuba – Kingston, Jamaica – Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Managua, Nicaragua – Marigot, Saint-Martin – Mexico City, D.F., Mexico – Nassau, Bahamas – Nuuk, Greenland – Oranjestad, Aruba – Ottawa, Canada – Panama City, Panama – Philipsburg, Sint Maarten – Plymouth, Montserrat – Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago – Port-au-Prince, Haiti – Road Town, British Virgin Islands – Roseau, Dominica – Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon – San José, Costa Rica – San Juan, Puerto Rico – San Salvador, El Salvador – Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic – St. George's, Grenada – St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda – Tegucigalpa, Honduras – The Valley, Anguilla – Washington, DC, United States – Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles v • d • e Provincial capitals of the Dominican Republic Ázua de Compostela · Baní · Bonao · Comendador · Concepción de la Vega · Cotuí · Dajabón · Hato Mayor del Rey · Jimaní · La Romana · Mao · Moca · Monte Plata · Neyba · Pedernales · Salcedo · Salvaleón de Higüey · San Cristóbal · San Felipe de Puerto Plata · San Fernando de Monte Cristi · San Francisco de Macorís · San Ignacio de Sabaneta · San José de Ocoa · San Juan de la Maguana · San Pedro de Macorís · Santa Barbára de Samaná · Santa Cruz de Barahona · Santa Cruz del Seibo · Santiago de los Caballeros · Santo Domingo de Guzmán (D.N.) · Santo Domingo Este · Trinidad Sánchez Nagua v • d • e Pan American Games host cities 1951: Buenos Aires • 1955: Mexico City • 1959: Chicago • 1963: São Paulo • 1967: Winnipeg • 1971: Cali • 1975: Mexico City • 1979: San Juan • 1983: Caracas • 1987: Indianapolis • 1991: Havana • 1995: Mar del Plata • 1999: Winnipeg • 2003: Santo Domingo • 2007: Rio de Janeiro • 2011: Guadalajara