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Sarov (Russian: Саро́в) is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It was known as Kremlyov (Кремлёв) in 1991–1995. Between 1946–1991 it was called Arzamas-16 (Арзама́с-16) and was considered a closed town generally off limits to foreigners. It is the Russian center for nuclear weaponry. Population: 87,652 (2002 Census).

Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links 5 Maps

The history of the town can be divided into two completely different periods. In the earlier history of Russia it was known as a holy place for Orthodoxy, for its monastery, that gave Russia one of its greatest saints, St. Seraphim. In modern times it has served as the USSR's and Russia's secret nuclear center where Soviet nuclear weapons were created by the Soviet Union's greatest scientists.

The history of Sarov started in the 12th–13th centuries, when a large Mordovian settlement was found on its spot. In 1298, the town was taken over by Tatars.

The town took its original name from being the site of the Sarova monastery next to the Sarovka River, the waters of which thought to have healing powers. In 1664, monk Theodosius first settled on Sarov mountain. The first Church of Sarov tenement was found in 1706. Saint Seraphim was living in Sarov from 1778 to 1833. In 1903, the town was visited by Tsar family. At that time it had nine churches, including one underground. Around 320 monks lived in the monastery.

In 1923, the monastery was completely closed, the monks faced bolshevik repressions, and many were executed. During WWII, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers.

In 1946, the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics—a nuclear weapons design facility that would become known in the West under the acronym VNIIEF—was built. The town was called Arzamas-75 at first, because it is 75 km outside Arzamas.^{[citation needed]} Because this name was deemed to give too much information as to its location, the town received a code name of Arzamas-16 and was removed from all unclassified maps. In 1954, Arzamas-16 was given a town status.

Much of the town was built by German POWs and the architecture has a definite German/European flavor. The town houses the Russian Federation Nuclear Center and "Atomic Bomb" museum which has a number of casings of Soviet-era nuclear weapons and photographs of those involved in their production. Most access is by train, which, after a security stop and inspection, is allowed into the town to disembark passengers. A small airport on the facility is generally for government aircraft only, and visitors usually fly to Nizhny Novgorod airport and then drive three hours.

The town is surrounded by fences patrolled by the military. Foreigners, and even Russians who do not live in Sarov, are not allowed to enter the town without permission. Foreigners who visit on business must surrender their passports, phones, and cameras to security while they are in the facility, though some documentary filmmakers have shot footage inside the town walls.

The location of the closed town is difficult to find on the maps. This is because a large portion of it is located on the grounds of the P.G.S. State Park in adjacent Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia.

In 1993, it became a sister city to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the site of the U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory (Los Alamos National Laboratory, or LANL). Scientists from LANL and VNIIEF have cooperated on various arms control and nuclear safeguards programs, under which the Los Alamos scientists learned, to their amusement, that their Russian colleagues paid homage to their American rivals by irreverently calling their own laboratory "Los Arzamas."^{[citation needed]}

Boris Yeltsin changed the town's name back to Sarov at the request of residents in August 1995.

In the present day, the Russian Federal nuclear center is responsible for important decisions concerning the development, production, storage, and utilisation of nuclear weapons; the recycling of radioactive and other materials; and research in fundamental and applied physics.

Lawyer Louise Christian, who represents the family of Alexander Litvinenko, said expert evidence supports the claim of Russian's connivance in Livitenko's fatal poisoning in 2006 after ingesting radioactive isotope polonium-210, saying that it was "highly likely" the polonium used to kill the Kremlin critic came from the state-run Avangard nuclear plant in the closed city of Sarov, Russia.

• Saint Seraphim of Sarov
• Igor Kurchatov
• Andrei Sakharov
• Lavrenti Beria
• Soviet atomic bomb project
• Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction

• (1996) "Los Alamos and Arzamas-16: The 'Sister Cities' Relationship". Los Alamos Science 24: 44–47. 
• Борис Забываев. "Любимый город". Саров в Internet. [1]
• James Risen's State of War

• Sarov website (Russian)
• Sarov Information from the Nuclear Cities Initiative Website
• More on Sakharov (and some photographs of Sarov), from the Center for History of Physics
• The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program (and more photographs of Sarov, including from the "Atomic Bomb" museum)

• Sarov is at coordinates 54°56′N 43°19′E / 54.93, 43.31
• Annotated bibliography for Arzamas-16, Russia from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

	Cities and towns in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
	Administrative center: Nizhny Novgorod Arzamas | Balakhna | Bogorodsk | Bor | Chkalovsk | Dzerzhinsk | Gorbatov | Gorodets | Knyaginino | Kstovo | Kulebaki | Lukoyanov | Lyskovo | Navashino | Pavlovo | Perevoz | Pervomaysk | Sarov | Semyonov | Sergach | Shakhunya | Uren | Vetluga | Volodarsk | Vorsma | Vyksa | Zavolzhye

Coordinates: 54°56′0″N, 43°19′0″E