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Saul Bellow (June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian-born American writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976 and the National Medal of Arts in 1988 [1].

Bellow is best known for writing novels that investigate isolation, spiritual dissociation, and the possibilities of human awakening, echoing his Jewish heritage. Bellow drew inspiration from Chicago, his adopted city, and he set much of his fiction there. His works exhibit a mix of high and low culture, and his fictional characters are also a potent mix of intellectual dreamers and street-smart confidence men. While on a Guggenheim fellowship in Paris, he wrote most of his best-known novel, The Adventures of Augie March (1953).

Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Criticism 4 Quotations 5 Bibliography 5.1 Fiction 5.2 Essays 5.3 Editorialship 5.4 On Bellow 6 Published as 7 In music 8 References 9 External links

He was born Solomon (nicknamed 'Sollie') Bellows in Lachine, Quebec (now part of Montreal), shortly after his parents had emigrated from St. Petersburg, Russia. It is unclear if Bellows (who later dropped the 's' from his last name) was born in June or July of 1915, because at the time of his birth immigrant Jews tended to be careless about the Christian calendar (Bellow celebrated his birthday in June).^[1] A period of illness from a respiratory infection at age 8 both taught him self-reliance (he was a very fit man despite his bookishness) and provided an opportunity to satisfy Bellow's hunger for reading: reportedly he decided to be a writer when he first read Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. The family moved to the slums of Chicago, the city that was to form the backdrop to many of his novels, when he was nine. Bellow's father, Abram, was an onion importer. He also worked in a bakery, delivering coal and as a bootlegger.^[2] Bellow's deeply religious mother, Liza, wanted her youngest son, Saul, to become a rabbi or a concert violinist. But he rebelled against what he later called the "suffocating orthodoxy" of his religious upbringing, and he began writing at a young age.^[3] Bellow's lifelong love for the Bible began at four when he learned Hebrew. Bellow also grew up reading William Shakespeare and the great Russian novelists of the 19th century.^[4] John Podhoretz, a student at the University of Chicago, said that Bellow and Allan Bloom, a close friend of Bellow (see Ravelstein), 'inhaled books and ideas the way the rest of us breathe air'.

In the 1930's, Bellow was part of the Chicago branch of the WPA Writer's Project, which included Chicago literary luminaries as Richard Wright and Nelson Algren. Most of the writers were radical: if they were not members of the Communist Party, they were sympathetic to communism. Many, such as Richard Wright, also participated in chapters of the Communist Party-led John Reed Clubs. There were those who were Stalinists, who read only Party approved books, and Trotskyists, who read off the approved list. Bellow was a Trotskyist and read off the approved list. Because of the greater numbers of Stalinist leaning writers, Bellow had to suffer their taunts. (source: Nelson Algren, A Life on the Wild Side, author, Bettina Drew (1991, University of Texas Press, Austin)

During World War II, Bellow joined the merchant marine and during his service he completed his first novel, "Dangling Man" (1944). The book was about a young Chicago man waiting to be drafted for the war.

Bellow taught at the University of Minnesota, New York University, Princeton, the University of Chicago, Bard College and Boston University, where he co-taught a class with James Wood ('modestly absenting himself' when it was time to discuss Seize the Day). In order to take up his appointment at Boston, Bellow moved in 1993 from Chicago to Brookline, Massachusetts, where he died on April 5, 2005, at age 89. He is buried at the Jewish cemetery Shir he harim of Brattleboro, Vermont.

Bellow began his undergraduate studies at the University of Chicago but left after two years to complete his degree not in English, but in anthropology at Northwestern University. It has been suggested that the study of anthropology had an interesting influence on his literary style. He was married five times (his son by his first marriage, Adam, wrote In Praise of Nepotism).

Before Bellow started his career as a writer he wrote book reviews for ten dollars apiece. His early works earned him the reputation as one of the foremost novelists of the 20th century, and by his death he was regarded by some as the greatest living novelist in English. He was the first novelist to win the National Book Award three times. His friend and protege Philip Roth has said of him, "The backbone of 20th-century American literature has been provided by two novelists—William Faulkner and Saul Bellow. Together they are the Melville, Hawthorne, and Twain of the 20th century." James Wood, in a eulogy of Bellow in The New Republic, wrote:

I judged all modern prose by his. Unfair, certainly, because he made even the fleet-footed—the Updikes, the DeLillos, the Roths—seem like monopodes. Yet what else could I do? I discovered Saul Bellow's prose in my late teens, and henceforth, the relationship had the quality of a love affair about which one could not keep silent. Over the last week, much has been said about Bellow's prose, and most of the praise—perhaps because it has been overwhelmingly by men—has tended toward the robust: We hear about Bellow's mixing of high and low registers, his Melvillean cadences jostling the jivey Yiddish rhythms, the great teeming democracy of the big novels, the crooks and frauds and intellectuals who loudly people the brilliant sensorium of the fiction. All of this is true enough; John Cheever, in his journals, lamented that, alongside Bellow's fiction, his stories seemed like mere suburban splinters. Ian McEwan wisely suggested last week that British writers and critics may have been attracted to Bellow precisely because he kept alive a Dickensian amplitude now lacking in the English novel. [...] But nobody mentioned the beauty of this writing, its music, its high lyricism, its firm but luxurious pleasure in language itself. [...] [I]n truth, I could not thank him enough when he was alive, and I cannot now.^[5]

Bellow's detractors considered his work conventional and old-fashioned, as if the author was trying to revive the 19th century European novel. The characters in his later novels did not ring true, his critics said. Herzog, Henderson, and the other "larger than life" characters in his later novels seemed to be fashioned from the author's philosophical obsessions, not from real life. Vladimir Nabokov called Bellow a "miserable mediocrity."^[6] His characters were seen as vehicles for his philosophical brooding or opportunities to display his erudition. Wrote Sam Tanenhaus,

But what, then, of the many defects -- the longueurs and digressions, the lectures on anthroposophy and religion, the arcane reading lists? What of the characters who don't change or grow but simply bristle onto the page, even the colorful lowlifes pontificating like fevered students in the seminars Bellow taught at the University of Chicago? And what of the punitively caricatured ex-wives drawn from the teeming annals of the novelists's own marital discord?^[7]

Bellow's account of his own 1975 trip to Israel, To Jerusalem and Back: A Personal Account, was criticized by Noam Chomsky in his 1983 book Fateful Triangle: the United States, Israel & the Palestinians. Bellow, Chomsky wrote, "sees an Israel where ‘almost everyone is reasonable and tolerant, and rancor against the Arabs is rare,’ where the people ‘think so hard, and so much’ as they ‘farm a barren land, industrialize it, build cities, make a society, do research, philosophize, write books, sustain a great moral tradition, and finally create an army of tough fighters.’ He has also been criticized for having praised Joan Peters's controversial book, From Time Immemorial, which challenged the conventional history of the Palestinian people.

In an interview in the March 7, 1988 New Yorker, Bellow sparked a controversy when he asked, concerning multiculturalism, "Who is the Tolstoy of the Zulus? The Proust of the Papuans? I'd be glad to read him." The taunt was seen by some as a slight against non-Western literature. Bellow at first claimed to have been misquoted. Later, writing in his defense in the New York Times, he said, "The scandal is entirely journalistic in origin ...I may be one of the few people who have read a Papuan novel... Always foolishly trying to explain and edify allcomers, I was speaking of the distinction between literate and preliterate societies. For I was once an anthropology student, you see."

Despite his identification with Chicago, he kept aloof from some of that city's more conventional writers. Studs Terkel in a 2006 interview with Stop Smiling magazine said of Bellow: "I didn't know him too well. We disagreed on a number of things politically. In the protests in the beginning of Norman Mailer's Armies of the Night, when Mailer, Robert Lowell and Paul Goodman were marching to protest the Vietnam War, Bellow was invited to a sort of counter-gathering. He said, 'Of course I'll attend'. But he made a big thing of it. Instead of just saying OK, he was proud of it. So I wrote him a letter and he didn't like it. He wrote me a letter back. He called me a Stalinist. But otherwise, we were friendly. He was a brilliant writer, of course. I love Seize the Day."

"There is an immense, painful longing for a broader, more flexible, fuller, more coherent, more comprehensive account of what we human beings are, who we are and what this life is for."

"I feel that art has something to do with the achievement of stillness in the midst of chaos. A stillness which characterises prayer too, and the eye of the storm."

"A great deal of intelligence can be invested in ignorance when the need for illusion is deep."

"People can lose their lives in libraries. They ought to be warned."

• Dangling Man (1944)
• The Victim (1947)
• The Adventures of Augie March (1953)
• Seize the Day (1956)
• Henderson the Rain King (1959)
• Herzog (1964)
• Mosby's Memoirs (short stories also available in Collected Stories) (1968)
• Mr. Sammler's Planet (1970)
• Humboldt's Gift (1975), won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize
• The Dean's December (1982)
• Him with His Foot in His Mouth (short stories also available in Collected Stories) (1984)
• More Die of Heartbreak(1987)
• A Theft (1989)
• The Bellarosa Connection (1989)
• Something to Remember Me By: Three Tales (collecting the eponymous short story, A Theft and The Bellarosa Connection) (1991)
• The Actual (1997)
• Ravelstein (2000)
• Collected Stories (2001)

• To Jerusalem and Back (1976)
• It All Adds Up (1994)
• Graven Images (1997)

• News from the Republic of Letters (from 1997)
• Editors (Publisher's information)
• ANON
• The Noble Savage

• Saul Bellow, Tony Tanner (1965) (see also his City of Words [1971])
• Saul Bellow, Malcolm Bradbury (1982)
• Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, Harold Bloom (Ed.) (1986)
• Handsome Is: Adventures with Saul Bellow, Harriet Wasserman (1997)
• Bellow: A Biography, James Atlas (2000)
• 'Even Later' and 'The American Eagle' in Martin Amis, The War Against Cliché (2001) are celebratory. The latter essay is also found in the Everyman's Library edition of Augie March.
• 'Saul Bellow's comic style': James Wood, The Irresponsible Self (2004).(Online extract)

• Novels 1944-1953: Dangling Man, The Victim, The Adventures of Augie March (James Wood, ed.) (Library of America, 2003) ISBN 1-931082-38-3.

• The 2006 album The Avalanche by Sufjan Stevens includes a tribute song, titled "Saul Bellow".
• One passage in the novel "Henderson, The Rain King" inspired Joni Mitchell to write the song "Both Sides Now" in 1967. [2]
• Prominent Australian rock band Augie March, named their band after the protagonist in Saul Bellow's novel, The Adventures of Augie March.

• Nobel site with two speeches (one of which is an audio recording) & longer biography
• Annotated Bibliography of Criticism by the Saul Bellow Society
• Bellow's 1955 autobiographical statement for reference book
• JM Coetzee on the early novels
• Slate's assortment of other writers' takes on Bellow, mostly eulogistic
• Joyce Carol Oates on Saul Bellow
• Saul Bellow 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.