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Shaitan
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In Islam, Shayṭān (Arabic: شيطان) is an entity analogous to Satan. The Islamic view of Shayṭān has both commonalities and differences with Christian and Jewish views.
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"Shayṭān" (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is both a noun and an adjective. As a noun it means "adversary" or "enemy" or "opponent," and as an adjective it means "adversarial," "opposing," or "evil."
In Islam, Allah created Angels, Jinns and Humans - the latter two of which have 'free choice' between good and evil.
Iblis was of the jinn race and was supposedly a devoted servant of Allah. He attained a very high status and was brought close with the Angels. But Allah knew Iblis and the intentions of Iblis well, and therefore the Shayṭān was named Iblis (meaning "desperate").
The Angels do not have free will and do not sin - because they do not know how to sin (according to Islam). When Allah created Adam, He commanded all the Angels to prostrate to him. All the Angels did so, except Iblis, who refused to obey.
And We created you (humans), then fashioned you, then told the angels: Fall ye prostrate before Adam! And they fell prostrate, all save Iblis, who was not of those who made prostration. He (Allah) said: What hindered thee that thou didst not fall prostrate when I bade thee? (Iblis) said: I am better than him. Thou createdst me of fire while him Thou didst create of mud. Qur'an 7:11-12
Iblis was proud and considered himself superior to Adam, since Adam was made from clay and Iblis was created from smokeless fire. For this act of disobedience, Allah cursed him to Hell for eternity, but gave him respite until the Day of Judgment, after Iblis requested it. Iblis obtained permission from Allah and vowed that he would use this time to lead all men and women astray to Hell.
He said: Then go down hence! It is not for thee to show pride here, so go forth! Lo! thou art of those degraded. He said: Reprieve me till the Day (of Judgement) when they are raised (from the dead). He said: Lo! thou art of those reprieved. He said: Now, because Thou hast sent me astray, verily I shall lurk in ambush for them on Thy Right Path. Then I shall come upon them from before them and from behind them and from their right hands and from their left hands, and Thou wilt not find most of them beholden (unto Thee). He said: Go forth from hence, degraded, banished. As for such of them as follow thee, surely I will fill hell with all of you. Qur'an 7:14-18
Although Allah grants the request, He also warns the Shayṭān that he would have no authority over His sincere "abd", or "devoted servants".
Lo (Oh Shaytan)! My (faithful) bondmen - over them thou hast no power, and thy Lord sufficeth as (their) guardian. Qur'an 17:65
In Islamic theology, the Shaytan and his minions are "whispherers", who whisper into the chests of men and women, urging them to commit sin. This is where the desire to sin comes from, according to Islam.
The Qur'an provides a supplication for mankind, aimed at fighting the tempting of al-Shaytan (the Shaytan) and his minions:
In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, The King of mankind, The God of mankind, From the evil of the sneaking whisperer (Shaytan), Who whispereth in the hearts of mankind, Of the jinn and of mankind. Qur'an Chapter 114 (Mankind)
The Shaytan was the one who tempted Adam in the Garden, to eat of the forbidden tree - thereby exposing to them their nakedness and awakening man's modesty and shyness.
And (unto man): O Adam! Dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden and eat from whence ye will, but come not nigh this tree lest ye become wrong-doers. Then Satan (Shaytan) whispered to them that he might manifest unto them that which was hidden from them of their shame, and he said: Your Lord forbade you from this tree only lest ye should become angels or become of the immortals. And he swore unto them (saying): Lo! I am a sincere adviser unto you. Thus did he lead them on with guile. And when they tasted of the tree their shame was manifest to them and they began to hide (by heaping) on themselves some of the leaves of the Garden. And their Lord called them, (saying): Did I not forbid you from that tree and tell you: Lo! Satan is an open enemy to you? They said: Our Lord! We have wronged ourselves. If thou forgive us not and have not mercy on us, surely we are of the lost! Qur'an 7:19-23