Single-ended signalling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Single-ended signalling is the simplest method of transmitting electrical signals over wires. One wire carries a varying voltage that represents the signal, while the other wire is connected to a reference voltage, usually ground. The alternative to single-ended signalling is called differential signalling.

The main advantage of single-ended over differential signalling is that fewer wires are needed to transmit multiple signals. If there are n signals, then there are n+1 wires - one for each signal, plus one for ground. (Differential signalling uses at least 2n wires.) The main disadvantage of single-ended signalling is that the return currents for all the signals share the same wire, and can sometimes cause interference ("crosstalk") between the signals. This limits the bandwidth of single-ended signalling systems.

Single-ended signalling is a widely used technique, and can be seen in a number of common transmission standards, including:

  • RS-232 serial communications
  • PS/2 mouse and keyboard connectors
  • I²C serial bus
  • TTL circuits
  • CMOS logic circuits
  • ECL circuits
  • Most parallel computer buses, such as:
  • VGA video connectors
  • SCSI hard disk interfaces
  • RCA jacks for audio signals
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