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This article describes the fighter plane. For the 1960s psychedelic rock music band, see Sopwith Camel (band).

Sopwith 2F.1 Camel
A Sopwith Camel at the Imperial War Museum, London
Type	Biplane fighter
Manufacturer	Sopwith Aviation Company
Maiden flight	December 1916
Primary users	RFC (RAF) RNAS, AAF

The Sopwith Camel Scout was a British World War I single-seat fighter aircraft that was famous for its maneuverability.

Contents 1 History 2 Variants 2.1 Engine Variants 2.2 Sopwith Camel F.1 2.3 Sopwith Camel 2F.1 2.4 Sopwith Camel 'Comic' Nightfighter 2.5 F.1/1 2.6 (Trench Fighter) T.F.1 3 Operators 4 Specifications (F.1 Camel) 5 References 6 Trivia 6.1 The Camel in Popular Culture 6.2 Videogames 6.3 Music 7 External links 8 Related content

Intended as a replacement for the Sopwith Pup, the Camel prototype first flew in December 1916, powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z. Known as the "Big Pup" early on in its development, the aircraft was armed with two .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns mounted in the cowl, firing forward through the propeller disc. A fairing surrounding the gun installation created a hump that led to the name Camel. The type entered squadron service in June 1917 with No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service, near Dunkirk. The following month, it became operational with No. 70 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. By February 1918, 13 squadrons were fully equipped with the Camel. Approximately 5,500 were ultimately produced.

Unlike the preceding Pup and Triplane, the Camel was not considered pleasant to fly. The Camel owes its difficult handling characteristics to the grouping of the engine, pilot, guns, and fuel tank into first seven feet of the aircraft, coupled with the strong gyroscopic effect of the rotary engine.

The Camel soon gained an unfortunate reputation with student pilots. The Clerget engine was particularly sensitive to fuel mixture control, and incorrect settings often caused the engine to choke and cut out during takeoff. Many crashed due to mishandling on takeoff when a full fuel tank affected the center of gravity. In level flight, the Camel was markedly tail-heavy. Unlike the preceding Triplane, the Camel lacked a variable incidence tailplane. The pilot was therefore required to apply constant forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a level attitude at low altitude. However the machine could also be rigged in such a way that at higher altitudes it could be flown 'hands off'. A stall immediately resulted in a spin and the Camel was particularly noted for its vicious spinning characteristics.

The Camel was nevertheless successful in combat. It offered heavier armament and better performance than the preceding Pup and Triplane. Its controls were light and sensitive. The Camel turned slowly to the left with a nose-up attitude, but turned very sharply to the right with a nose-down attitude. Because it was tail heavy, the plane also looped quickly. Agility in combat made the Camel one of the best remembered Allied aircraft of World War I. It was said to offer a choice among a "wooden cross, red cross and Victoria Cross." Together with the S.E.5a, the Camel helped to wrest aerial superiority away from the German Albatros scouts. The Camel was credited with shooting down 1,294 enemy aircraft, more than any other Allied scout.

Major William Barker's Sopwith Camel (serial no. B6313, the only aircraft the Canadian ace scored any victories in^[1]) became the most successful fighter aircraft in the history of the RAF, shooting down 46 aircraft & balloons from September 1917 to September 1918 in 404 operational hours flying. It was dismantled in October 1918. Barker kept the clock as a memento, although he was asked to return it the following day.

By mid-1918, the Camel was approaching obsolescence as a fighter, limited by its slow speed and comparatively poor performance over 12,000 feet (3650m). It found a new lease on life as a ground-attack aircraft and infantry support weapon. During the German Offensive of March 1918, flights of Camels harassed the advancing German Army, inflicting high losses (and suffering high losses in turn) through the dropping of 25lb (11kg) Cooper bombs and ultra low-level strafing. The protracted development of the Camel's replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, meant the Camel remained in service until the Armistice.

In summer 1918, a 2F.1 Camel (N6814) was used in trials as a parasite fighter under airship R23

The Camel was powered by a variety of rotary engines during the production period.

• 130 hp Clerget 9B Rotary (standard powerplant)
• 140 hp Clerget 9Bf Rotary
• 110 hp Le Rhone 9J Rotary
• 150 hp Bentley BR1 Rotary (gave best performance - standard for R.N.A.S. machines)
• 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2 Rotary
• 150 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9N Rotary

• With the Clerget engine, the crankshaft remained fixed while the cylinders and attached propellor rotated around it. The result of this torque was a significant "pull" to the right. In the hands of an experienced pilot, this characteristic could be exploited to give exceptional manoueverability in a dog-fight. The rate of turn to the right was twice that of a turn to the left.
• The Gnome engines differed from the others in that a selector switch could cut the ignition to all but one of the cylinders to reduce power for landing. (This was because rotary engines did not have throttles and were at full 'throttle' all the while the ignition was on) On the others the engine had to be "blipped" (turned off and on) using a control column-mounted ignition switch, (blip switch) to reduce power sufficiently for a safe landing.

• Single-seat fighter scout aircraft.
• The main production version.

• Shipboard fighter scout aircraft.
• Slightly shorter wingspan
• One Vickers gun replaced by an overwing Lewis
• Bentley BR1 as standard

Pilot seat moved to rear. The twin Vickers guns were replaced with two Lewis guns fitted to the top wing. Served with Home Defence Squadrons against German air raids.

• Version with tapered wings.

• Experimental trench fighter.
• Downward angled machine guns
• Armour plating for protection

•  Australia: Australian Flying Corps
•  Belgium
•  Canada
•  Estonia
•  Greece
•  Latvia
•  Netherlands
•  Poland (post-war)
•  United Kingdom: (RAF, RFC, RNAS)
•  United States
•  Sweden

Data from Quest for Performance^[2]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 18 ft 9 in (5.71 m)
• Wingspan: 26 ft 11 in (8.53 m)
• Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
• Wing area: 231 ft² (21.46 m²)
• Empty weight: 930 lb (420 kg)
• Loaded weight: 1,455 lb (660 kg)
• Powerplant: 1× Clerget 9B 9-cylinder Rotary engine, 130 hp (97 kW)
• Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0378

• Drag area: 8.73 ft² (0.81 m²)
• Aspect ratio: 4.11

Performance

• Maximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h)
• Stall speed: 48 mph (77 km/h)
• Range: 300 mi ferry (485 km)
• Service ceiling: 21,000 ft (6,400 m)
• Rate of climb: 1,085 ft/min (5.5 m/s)
• Wing loading: 6.3 lb/ft² (30.8 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.09 hp/lb (150 W/kg)

• Lift-to-drag ratio: 7.7

Armament

• Guns: 2× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns

1. ^ ,Wayne Ralphs, Barker VC (Toronto, Ontario: Doubleday, 1997)
2. ^ Loftin, LK, Jr.. Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468. Retrieved on April 22, 2006.

There are only seven authentic Sopwith Camels left in the world with one in the United States. It can be found at the Aerospace Education Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. Another (a replica) can be found at the Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio.

Another, beautifully restored to near-flying condition is at the Brussels air-museum in Belgium.

An example of a model F.1 can be found at the Polish Aviation Museum.

The Camel appears in literature as:

• The single-seater scout plane flown by the Royal Flying Corps Squadron in the great WWI, semi-autobiographical, air combat book Winged Victory written by Victor Maslin Yeates.
• The fighter flown by Biggles in the novels by W. E. Johns, during the character's spell in 266 squadron during World War I.
• The "plane" of Snoopy in the Peanuts comic strip, when he imagines himself as a WWI flying ace and the nemesis of the Red Baron. The "plane" is actually his doghouse.
• A 1960s American music group was called "The Sopwith Camel".
• Featured in the novel The Razor's Edge, by British playwright and author W. Somerset Maugham
• The type of plane flown in WWI by John and Bayard Sartoris in William Faulkner's Flags in the Dust. Under fire from a pupil of Richthofen (the Red Baron), John's Camel caught fire over occupied France. Bayard's last sight of his twin brother was of John jumping out of his plane feet first.
• Private Baldrick in the British TV series Blackadder Goes Forth wished to become a pilot. In the episode "Private Plane," at one point he began making a shrill noise and flapping his hands. When asked what he was doing, he responded "I'm a Sopwith Camel, sir" to which Captain Blackadder replied "I always confuse the sound of a Sopwith Camel with that of a malodorous runt who is wasting everybody's time."

The Camel also appears in the following videogames:

• Sopwith and Sopwith2.
• Blue Max
• Flying Corps
• FlightGear Free and Open Source flight sim
• Red Baron
• Toy Commander
• Microsoft Flight Simulator series (98 through 2002. Add-ons available for 2004)
• Red Ace Squadron Small Rockets 2001
• Over Flanders Fields Freeware addon for Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 3
• Snoopy vs. the Red Baron
• Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis (Only in Mission Editor)
• Armed Assault

The Camel also is used often by the American rock band The Royal Guardsmen in several of their songs. In The Story of The Return of The Red Baron which precedes the song The Return of The Red Baron on their Snoopy And His Friends album (and is something of a follow up to their song Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron, it is mentioned in a mock radio broadcast that the Red Baron "went down like a shot through the clouds, with a Camel on his tail giving it to him proper."

The Camel also is mentioned as the plane the unfortunate Allied pilot is flying in Down Behind the Lines. Here the Camel pilot is trying to return to his side of the line during a winter's eve. The tone of the song is less upbeat than their Snoopy songs as they paint the picture of a pilot struggling to keep from going down behind the lines. The last thing we really know of him is that his engine stalls just when he manages to spy the Allied lines and is forced to try and glide though we don't know if he makes it.

The Camel also lends its name to their Sopwith Camel Time and appears in the song Snoopy for President. =

• Download the Sopwith Camel for MS Flight Simulator 2004
• Sopwith Camel images at Airliners.net
• Camel photos and links to museums with Camels

When the plane was in the air, it fell. The dog liked the other one.

Comparable aircraft

• Fokker Dr.I

Designation sequence

• Pup - Triplane - Camel - Cuckoo - Snipe