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Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry is an important tool used for generating pneumotachograph to assessing conditions such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and COPD.

Contents 1 Spirometry testing 1.1 Procedure 1.2 Limitations of test 1.3 Related tests 2 Explanation of common test values in FVC tests 3 Technologies used in spirometers 4 See also 5 External links

The spirometry test is performed using a device called a spirometer, which comes in several different varieties. Most spirometers display the following graphs:

• a volume-time curve, showing volume (liters) along the Y-axis and time (seconds) along the X-axis
• a flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the rate of airflow on the Y-axis and the total volume inspired or expired on the X-axis

The most commonly used guidelines for spirometric testing and interpretation are set by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS).

The basic FVC test varies slightly depending on the equipment used.

Generally, the patient is asked to take the deepest breath they can, and then exhale into the sensor as hard as possible, for as long as possible. It is sometimes directly followed by a rapid inhalation (inspiration), in particular when assessing possible upper airway obstruction. Sometimes, the test will be preceded by a period of quiet breathing in and out from the sensor (tidal volume), or the rapid breath in (forced inspiratory part) will come before the forced exhalation.

During the test, soft nose clips may be used to prevent air escaping through the nose. Filter mouthpieces may be used to prevent the spread of microorganisms, particularly for inspiratory maneuvers.

The maneuver is highly dependent on patient cooperation and effort, and is normally repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility. Since results are dependent on patient cooperation, FEV₁ and FVC can only be underestimated, never overestimated.

Due to the patient cooperation required, spirometry can only be used on children old enough to comprehend and follow the instructions given (typically about 4-5 years old), and only on patients who are able to understand and follow instructions - thus, this test is not suitable for patients who are unconscious, heavily sedated, or have limitations that would interfere with vigorous respiratory efforts. Other types of lung function tests are available for infants and unconscious persons.

Spirometry can also be part of a bronchial challenge test, used to determine bronchial hyperresponsiveness to either rigorous exercise, inhalation of cold/dry air, or with a pharmaceutical agent such as methacholine or histamine.

Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular condition, a bronchodilator is administered before performing another round of tests for comparison. This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test, or a post bronchodilator test (Post BD), and is an important part in diagnosing asthma versus COPD.

Abbreviation	Name	Description
FVC	Forced Vital Capacity	This is the total amount of air that you can forcibly blow out after full inspiration, measured in liters.
FEV1	Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second	This is the amount of air that you can forcibly blow out in one second, measured in litres. Along with FVC it is considered one of the primary indicators of lung function.
FEV1 / FVC	FEV1%	This is the ratio of FEV 1 to FVC. In healthy adults this should be approximately 75 - 80%.
PEF	Peak Expiratory Flow	This is the speed of the air moving out of your lungs at the beginning of the expiration, measured in liters per second.
FEF 25-75% or 25-50%	Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75% or 25-50%	This is the average flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of the expiration (also sometimes referred to as the MMEF, for maximal mid-expiratory flow).
FIF 25-75% or 25-50%	Forced Inspiratory Flow 25%-75% or 25%-50%	This is similar to FEF 25%-75% or 25%-50% except the measurement is taken during inspiration.
FET	Forced Expiratory Time	This measures the length of the expiration in seconds.
SVC	Slow Vital capacity
TV	Tidal Volume	During the respiratory cycle, a specific volume of air is drawn into and then expired out of the lungs. This volume is tidal volume.
MVV	Maximum Voluntary Ventilation	a measure of the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in one minute, measured in liters/minute.

Note that functional residual capacity (FRC) cannot be measured via spirometry, but it can be measured with a plethysmograph.

Results are usually given in both raw data (liters, liters per second) and percent predicted - the test result as a percent of the "predicted values" for the patients of similar characteristics (height, age, sex, and sometimes race and weight). The interpretation of the results can vary depending on the physician and the source of the predicted values. Generally speaking, results nearest to 100% predicted are the most normal, and results over 80% are often considered normal. However, review by a doctor is necessary for accurate diagnosis of any individual situation.

• Volumetric Spirometers
  • Water bell
  • Bellows wedge
• Flow measuring Spirometers
  • Fleisch-pneumotach
  • Lilly (screen) pneumotach
  • Turbine(actually a rotating vane, this spins, the revolutions are counted as they break a light beam)
  • Pitot tube
  • Hot-wire anemometer
  • Ultrasound

• Peak flow meter

• Detailed information on spirometric testing, interpretation and physiology at spirxpert.com
• History of spirometers and lung function testing at medizin.li
• General information on spirometry at spirometrie.info
• Physiology at MCG 4/4ch8/s4ch8_2

• American Thoracic Society (ATS)
• European Respiratory Society (ERS)

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Volumes	lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test
Airways	ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance
Blood	pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco
Control of respiration	pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Insufficiency	high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia