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In computer science, spooling refers to a process of communicating data to another program by placing it in a temporary working area, where the other program can access it at some later point in time. Traditional uses of the term spooling apply it to situations where there is little or no direct communication between the program that writes the data and the program that reads it. Spooling is often used when devices access data at different rates. The temporary working area provides a waiting station where data can reside while a slower device can process it at its own rate. New data is only added and deleted at the ends of the area, i.e., there is no random access or editing.

It can also refer to a storage device that incorporates a physical spool, such as a tape drive.

The most common spooling application is print spooling. In print spooling, documents are loaded into a buffer (usually an area on a disk), and then the printer pulls them off the buffer at its own rate. Because the documents are in a buffer where they can be accessed by the printer, the user is free to perform other operations on the computer while the printing takes place in the background. Spooling also lets users place a number of print jobs in a queue instead of waiting for each one to finish before specifying the next one.

The temporary storage area to which e-mail is delivered by a Mail Transfer Agent and in which it waits to be picked up by a Mail User Agent is sometimes called a mail spool. Likewise, a storage area for Usenet articles may be referred to as a news spool. (On Unix-like systems, these areas are usually located in the /var/spool directory.) Unlike other spools, mail and news spools usually allow random access to individual messages.

Magnetic recording tape wound onto a spool or reel.

"Spool" is supposedly an acronym for simultaneous peripheral operations on-line (although this is thought by some to be a backronym), or as for printers: simultaneous peripheral output on line. Early mainframe computers had, by current standards, small and expensive hard disks. These costs made it necessary to reserve the disks for files that required random access, while writing large sequential files to reels of tape. Typical programs would run for hours and produce hundreds or thousands of pages of printed output. Periodically the program would stop printing for a while to do a lengthy search or sort. But it was desirable to keep the printer(s) running continuously. Thus, when a program was running, it would write the printable file to a spool of tape, which would later be read back in by the program controlling the printer.

Spooling also improved the multiprogramming capability of systems. Most programs required input, and produced output, using slow peripherals such as card-readers and lineprinters. Without spooling, the number of tasks that could be multiprogrammed could be limited by the availability of peripherals; with spooling, a task did not need access to a real device: slow peripheral input and output for several tasks could be held on shared system storage, written and read by separate system processes running asynchronously with those tasks

• Queue

Spoolers:

• Berkeley printing system (lpr/lpd)
• CUPS
• Houston Automated Spooling Program (HASP)
• Job Entry Subsystem