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Lee Shelton (also known as Stagger Lee, Stagolee, Stackerlee, Stack O'Lee, Stack-a-Lee and by several other spelling variants) was a black cab driver and a pimp^[1] convicted of murdering William Lyons on Christmas Eve, 1895 in St. Louis, Missouri. The crime was immortalized in a blues folk song that has been recorded in hundreds of different versions.

Lee Shelton was not just a common pimp, but as described by Cecil Brown, ^[2] "Lee Shelton belonged to a group of pimps known in St. Louis as the 'Macks'. The macks were not just 'urban strollers'; they presented themselves as objects to be observed."

Shelton died in prison in 1912, of tuberculosis.

Contents 1 The crime 2 Stagger Lee as archetype 3 The songs 4 Contemporary interpretations and notable allusions 5 References 6 External links

A story appearing in the St. Louis, Missouri Globe-Democrat in 1895 says:

William Lyons, 25, a levee hand, was shot in the abdomen yesterday evening at 10 o'clock in the saloon of Bill Curtis, at Eleventh and Morgan Streets, by Lee Sheldon, a carriage driver. Lyons and Sheldon were friends and were talking together. Both parties, it seems, had been drinking and were feeling in exuberant spirits. The discussion drifted to politics, and an argument was started, the conclusion of which was that Lyons snatched Sheldon's hat from his head. The latter indignantly demanded its return. Lyons refused, and Sheldon withdrew his revolver and shot Lyons in the abdomen. When his victim fell to the floor Sheldon took his hat from the hand of the wounded man and coolly walked away. He was subsequently arrested and locked up at the Chestnut Street Station. Lyons was taken to the Dispensary, where his wounds were pronounced serious. Lee Sheldon is also known as 'Stag' Lee.[1]

Lyons eventually died of his injuries. Sheldon was tried, convicted, and served prison time for this crime. This otherwise unmemorable crime is remembered in a song. In some older versions of the song, the name of the other party is given as "Billy Deslile" or "De Lion".

Immortalized in song, Stagger Lee has become an archetype, the embodiment of a badass black man -- one who is sly, streetwise, cool, lawless, amoral, potentially violent, and who defies often white authority.^[3]

Author and music critic Greil Marcus explicitly ties the Stagger Lee archetype to Sly Stone and his album There's a Riot Goin' On in his book Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock 'n' Roll Music.

The song has been recorded hundreds of times by a great variety of performers. The version recorded by Mississippi John Hurt is considered by some commentators to be definitive, containing all of the elements that appear in other versions. A cover with different lyrics was a chart hit for Lloyd Price in 1959; Dick Clark felt that the original tale of murder was too morbid for his American Bandstand audience, and insisted that they be changed (with no murder taking place). Despite the changes, it was the original version of the song that made #1 and was ranked #456 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

There is speculation that "Stag O Lee" songs predated even the 1895 incident, and Lee Sheldon may have gotten his nickname from earlier folk songs. Other sources say that black roustabouts on Mississippi River docks were called "stack o lees" as they would stack cargo on the lee side of the docks. The first published version of the song was done by folklorist John Lomax in 1910. The song was well known in African American communities along the lower Mississippi River by the 1910s.

Before World War II, it was almost always known as "Stack O'Lee". W.C. Handy wrote that this probably was a nickname for a tall person, comparing him to the tall smoke-stack of the large steamboat Robert E. Lee. By the time that W.C. Handy wrote the explanation in the 1920s, "Stack O' Lee" was already familiar in United States popular culture, with recordings of the song made by such pop singers of the day as Cliff Edwards.

An early Blues recording of the song from 1928 was made by Mississippi John Hurt, a blues musician. His lyrics:

Po-lice officer, how can it be?

You can 'rest everybody but cruel Stagolee

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

Billy DeLyon told Stagolee, "Please don't take my life

I got two little babes and a darling, loving wife"

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

"What'd I care about your two little babes and darling, loving wife?

You done stole my Stetson hat, I'm bound to take your life."

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

Boom boom, boom boom,

Went the forty-four.

Well when I spied Billy DeLyon

He's lyin' down on the floor.

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

Gentlemens of the Jury,

What you think of that?

Stagolee killed Billy DeLyon

'bout a five-dollar Stetson hat.

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

Standin' on the gallows, head way up high

At twelve o'clock, they killed him, they's all glad to see him die

That bad man, oh cruel Stagolee

As in all such pieces, there are many (sometimes anachronistic) variants on the lyrics. Several older versions give Billy's last name as "De Lyons" or "Deslile".

A 1959 variation, credited as "traditional", as originally recorded and performed by Lloyd Price, goes:

(intro) The night was clear, and the moon was yellow

And the leaves came tumblin' down. . .

I was standing on a corner

When I heard my bull dog bark

He was barking at the two men

Who were gambling in the dark

It was Stagger Lee and Billy

Two men who gambled late

Stagger Lee threw a seven

Billy swore that he threw eight

Stagger Lee told Billy

"I can't let you go with that

You won all o' my money

And my brand new Stetson hat."

Stagger Lee started off walking

Down that old railroad track

He turned and told Billy

"Don't be here when I come back"

Then old Stagger Lee, he went home

And he got his forty-four

He said "I'm going down to the barroom

Just to pay that debt I owe"

bridge: Go, Stagger Lee!

Stagger Lee went to the barroom

And he stood across that barroom door

He said, "Now, nobody move"

And he pulled his forty-four

"Stagger Lee," cried Billy

"Oh, Please don't take my life

I got three little children

And a very sickly wife"

Stagger Lee... shot Billy

Oh, he shot that poor boy so bad

Till the bullet came through Billy

And it broke the bartender's glass.

Lloyd Price also recorded another version of the song in 1958 at the request of Dick Clark, who felt the original lyrics were not appropriate for his American Bandstand audience. The subject was changed from gambling to fighting over a woman, and instead of a murder, the two yelled at each other, and made up the next day.

Other well known artists who have recorded it include Bob Dylan, Taj Mahal, Duke Ellington, Woody Guthrie, Bill Haley & His Comets, Wilson Pickett, Ike and Tina Turner, Fats Domino, Doc Watson, Dr. John, Tom Rush, Travis MacRae, The Isley Brothers and Huey Lewis And The News. The Fabulous Thunderbirds version is found on the soundtrack to Porky's Revenge.

The Grateful Dead recorded a version of the tale which focuses on the fictionalized hours after the death of "Billy DeLion", when Billy's wife Delia tracks down Stagger Lee in a local saloon and shoots him in revenge for Billy's death.

The 1979 album London Calling by the Punk band The Clash includes a version (a cover of a song by the Jamaican rocksteady group The Rulers) titled "Wrong 'Em Boyo," in which Stagger Lee is explicitly the hero and Billy the villain. Another variant by Austin blues artist Steve James retells the story from Stagger Lee's perspective, as the underprivileged child of a prostitute and a steamboat worker, and as with the Clash's version, Billy is not innocent.

Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, by contrast, present an even more violent and profane version of the song "Stagger Lee" on their 1996 album Murder Ballads. This version retakes a street "toast poem" on Stagolee ^[4]. Toasts were 'pre-rap' poems and stories especially popular among those in the "life" and among prisoners.

More recently, the Black Keys recorded a song entitled "Stack Shot Billy" on their 2004 album Rubber Factory. In 2005, Chris Whitley and Jeff Lang recorded their own arrangement of the song, called "Stagger Lee", ultimately released on their 2006 CD Dislocation Blues.

A version of Staggolee performed by Pacific Gas & Electric was included on the soundtrack for Quentin Tarantino's film Death Proof, the second portion of the 2007 double-feature Grindhouse.

In the 2007 film Black Snake Moan, Samuel L. Jackson's character sings a boastful version of the song from Stagger Lee's perspective, titled "Stackolee". This version is based on R.L. Burnside's rendition which can be heard on the album Well, Well, Well.

In the 1980s, pro wrestler Junkyard Dog used the name (and theme song) Stagger Lee to surprise his rival Ted DiBiase, returning from a "Loser Leaves Town" match under a mask during an infamous feud in Mid-South Wrestling.^[5]

Stagg R. Leigh is the assumed name under which Thelonious Ellison, the protagonist of Percival Everett's novel Erasure (2001) writes his parody of blaxploitation literature My Pafology (later changed to Fuck).^[6]

Stagger Lee, a graphic novel both telling the history of the story and a fictionalized version of it with political themes, was published by Image Comics in May 2006, written by Derek McCulloch and drawn by Shepherd Hendrix (ISBN 1582406073). ^[7]

Preceded by "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" by The Platters

Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Lloyd Price version) February 9, 1959

Succeeded by "Venus" by Frankie Avalon

• Liner notes to Frank Hutchison's classic version, titled "Stackalee", plus a long list of Stagger Lee records
• Stagger Lee/Stag-O-Lee/Stagolee/Stack-A-Lee/Stack O'Lee
• The Stagger Lee Files
• Comprehensive list of Stagger Lee recordings
• Cecil Brown's Stagolee page
• Mississippi John Hurt's version
• Music Video for Irish Stagger Lee
• website for Irish Stagger Lee
• MySpace site for Irish Stagger Lee