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Surena
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Surena may refer to either a noble family of Parthia also known as the House of Suren, or to a renowned 1st century BCE General Surena who was a member of that family.
From Ammianus Marcellinus (24.2.4) and other historiographers of late antiquity, it appears that 'Surena' was also a title of office. "The highest dignity in the kingdom, next to the Crown, was that of Surena, or 'Field-Marshal', and this position was hereditary in a particular family."[1] 'Surena' is the Greek and Latin form of Sûrên[2] or Sūrēn.[3] As 'Suren', the name remains common in Armenia.[4]
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The Surenas or "House of Suren"[5][6] are one of two[c] Parthian noble families explicitely mentioned by name in sources dateable to the Arsacid period.[7]
For at least the second half of the Arsacid era (which extends from 247 BCE to 224 CE), the Surena family had the privilege to crown the Parthian kings.[7][a] Following the 3rd century CE defeat of the Arsacids and the subsequent rise of the Sassanids, the Surenas then switched sides and began to serve the Persians.[2][8] The last attested scion of the family was a military commander active in northern Chine during the 9th century.[9]
It is "probable"[2] that the Surenas were landowners in Sakastan, that is, in the region between Arachosia and Drangiana in present-day southwestern Afghanistan, where they expelled the aboriginal Sakas who then migrated to the Punjab. The Surenas appear to have governed Sistan (which derives its name from 'Sakastan' and was once a much larger region than the present day province) as their personal fiefdom.[2]
"Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of [the Indo-Parthian emperor] Gondophares represented the House of Suren."[10] Other notable members of the family include the 1st century BCE cavalry commander General Surena (see below) and a 6th century CE governor (satrap) of Armenia who attempted to reestablish Zoroastrianism in that province.[11]
General Surena (84 - 52 BCE) was a famed commander of cavalry during the reign of the Arsacid dynast Orodes II (r. 57 - 38 BCE).
According to Plutarch (Life of Crassus, 21[2]), this "Surena was an extremely distinguished man. In wealth, birth, and in the honor paid to him, he ranked next after the king; in courage and ability he was the foremost Parthian of his time; and in stature and personal beauty he had no equal."[b] Also according to Plutarch, there were "many slaves" in his army, suggesting the general had great wealth.[12]
In 54 BCE, Surena commanded troops of Orodes II at the battle for the city of Seleucia. Surena distinguished himself in this battle for dynastic succession (Orodes II had previously been deposed by Mithridates III) and was instrumental in the reinstatement of Orodes upon the Arsacid throne.[13]
In 53 BCE, the Romans advanced on the western Arsacid vassalaries. In response, Orodes II sent his cavalry units under Surena to combat them. The two armies subsequently met at Battle of Carrhae (at Harrân in present-day Turkey), where the superior equipment of the Parthians enabled them to defeat the numerically superior Romans.[14]
Although this feat of arms "produced a mighty echo amongst the peoples of the East," it did not cause "any decisive shift in the balance of power."[15] For Surena, "it soon cost him his life. Probably fearing that he would constitute a threat to himself, King Orodes II had him executed."[15]
"In some ways, the position of [Surena] in the historical tradition is curiously parallel to that of Rustam in the [Shahnameh]." "Yet despite the predominance of Rustam in the epic tradition, it has never been possible to find him a convincingly historical niche."[16]
| a.^ | The right to crown Parthian kings did not specifically denote power over those kings. "The execution of Surena, the victor at Carrhae shows the relatively unlimited power of the supreme monarch in Parthia."[17] |
| b.^ | Plutarch's description of the commander reads: "Surena was no ordinary person; but in fortune, family and honour, the first after the king; and in point of courage and capacity, as well as in size and beauty, superior to the Parthians of his time. If he went only upon an excursion into the country, he had a thousand camels to carry his baggage, and two hundred carriages for his concubines. He was attended by thousand heavy-armed horse, and many more of the light-armed rode before him. Indeed, his vassals and slaves made up a body of cavalry little less than ten thousand."[18] |
| c.^ | The other noble family explicitely mentioned is the House of Karen.[7] |
- ^ Rawlinson 1901, p. 420.
- ^ a b c d e Lendering 2006.
- ^ Herzfeld 1929, p. 44,70.
- ^ Lang 1983, p. 510.
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 41.
- ^ Herzfeld 1929, p. 70.
- ^ a b c Lukonin 1983, p. 704.
- ^ Frye 1983, p. 130.
- ^ Perikanian 1983, p. 683.
- ^ Bivar 2003 cf. Bivar 1983, p. 51.
- ^ Frye 1983, p. 159.
- ^ Perikanian 1983, p. 635.
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 49.
- ^ Bivar 1983, pp. 49-51.
- ^ a b Schippmann 1987, p. 528.
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 51.
- ^ Schippmann 1987, p. 532.
- ^ Langhorne & Langhorne 1934, p. 59.
- Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 21-100
- Bivar, A. D. H. (2003), "Gondophares", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 11.2, Cosa Mesa: Mazda
- Frye, R. N. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Sassanians", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 116-181
- Herzfeld, Ernst Emil, ed. (1929), Archæologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, pp. 70-80
- Lang, David M. (1983), "Iran, Armenia and Georgia", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 505-537
- Lendering, Jona (2006), Surena, Amsterdam: livius.org, <http://www.livius.org/su-sz/surena/surena.html>
- Lukonin, V. G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 681-747
- Plutarch, "Marcus Crassus", in Langhorne, John & Langhorne, William, eds. (1934), Plutarch's Lives, London: J. Crissy
- Rawlinson, George (1901), The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, vol. 6, London: Dodd, Mead & Company, <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16166>
- Perikanian, A. (1983), "Iranian Society and Law", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 627-681
- Schippmann, K. (1987), "Arsacid ii: The Arsacid Dynasty", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 525-536