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This is a Korean name; the family name is Rhee.

Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee at 34 years old
1st President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1,2,3rd President of South Korea
In office April 10, 1919 – 1925 (Provisional Government) July 20, 1948 - May 3, 1960
Vice President(s)	Ahn Chang-ho (Provisional Government) Yi Si-yeong
Preceded by	The first President (succeeding Emperor Sunjong) Kim Gu (the last President of the Provisional Government)
Succeeded by	Park Eunsik (Provisional Government) Yun Po-sun
Born	March 26, 1875(1875-03-26) Hwanghae, Korea
Died	July 19, 1965 (aged 90) Honolulu, Hawai`i, United States
Nationality	Korean
Religion	Protestant (Methodist)[1]

Korean name
Hangul 이승만 or 리승만 Hanja 李承晩 Revised Romanization I Seungman or Ri Seungman McCune-Reischauer I Sŭngman

Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman (March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Presidency 3 Resignation 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Rhee was born in Hwanghae Province to Yi Gyeong-seon, a member of an aristocratic Yangban family.^[2] Rhee was descended from Prince Yangnyeong(name; Yi Je), the eldest son of King Taejong of Joseon.^{[3] [4]} He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese hegemony. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the Japanese monarchy, being subsequently released in 1904 and going to the United States. He obtained several degrees (including an A.B. from George Washington University and a Ph.D. from Princeton University) and became so Westernized that he began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name preceding the family name.

In 1910, he returned to Korea, which had by this time been annexed by Japan. His political activism attracted unwelcome attention from the occupying army, and he left for China in 1912.^{[citation needed]} In 1919, all of the major pro-independence factions formed the Provisional Government in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held for six years, until 1925 when he was impeached by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.

After Korea was liberated from Japan, Rhee returned to Seoul before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was chosen as head of the Korean government. With the tacit consent of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a campaign to "remove Communism" that was actually a veiled drive to remove all potential opposition^{[citation needed]}.

Rhee won his majority at the First Assembly of South Korea on 10 May 1948 by a parliamentary vote after left-wing parties boycotted the election. And Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea defeating Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by a count of 182-13 on 20 July 1948 (It should be noted that Kim Koo was not aware of his nomination for presidency; the nomination was likely an attempt to discredit him as a nationalist). On 15 August 1948, he formally took over power from the US military and de jure sovereignty of Korean people from the Provisional Government.

As president, Rhee assumed dictatorial powers even before the Korean War broke out in 1950. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to detain and torture suspected Communists and North Korean agents. His government also oversaw several massacres, the most notable being on the island of Jeju in response to an uprising by leftist factions.

Rhee further damaged his reputation by encouraging the citizens of Seoul, the nation's capital, to remain in the city while he himself was already on his way to refuge as war broke out. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River prevented thousands of citizens from escaping Communist rule. When UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River (only to retreat to a line around the current DMZ because of Chinese counterattack), Rhee became unpopular with his allies for refusing to agree to a number of ceasefire proposals that would have left Korea divided. Hoping to become the leader of a united Korea, with U.N. assistance, he tried to veto any peace plan that failed to eliminate the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger methods to be used against China and often expressed annoyance at the reluctance of the U.S. to bomb it.

On January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean sovereignty over the waters around the Korean peninsula, in a concept similar to that of today's exclusive economic zones. The maritime demarcation thus drawn up, which Rhee called the "Peace Line", included Liancourt Rocks as South Korean territory.

Throughout his rule, Rhee sought to take additional steps to cement his control of the government. In May 1952 (shortly after being elected to a second term), when the government was still based in Busan due to the ongoing war, Rhee pushed through constitutional amendments which made the presidency a directly-elected position. In order to do this, he declared martial law and jailed the members of parliament whom he expected to vote against it. Rhee was subsequently elected by a wide margin. He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections, and thereupon pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year term limit.

Rhee's prospects for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 initially seemed dim. Public disillusionment regarding his attempt to seek a third term was growing, and the main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew immense crowds during his campaign. Shin's sudden death while on the campaign trail, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease. The runner-up of that election, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party, was later charged with espionage and executed in 1959.

By 1960, Rhee already served three terms in office. His victory was assured when the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee won with 90% of the vote. The real contest was in the race for vice president (held separately under the law of the time), and Rhee's heir apparent Yi Gi-bung was declared the victor in an election that the opposition claimed was rigged. This sparked off anger among segments of the Korean populace, and the student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.

On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA - operated Civil Air Transport whisked Rhee out of South Korea and away from the clutches of a lynch mob that was closing in. Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had embezzled $20 million in government funds. Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Franziska Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27 of the same year.

Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.

Rhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy.

• List of Korea-related topics
• President of South Korea

• Syngman Rhee
• Syngman Rhee at Find A Grave

Preceded by Establishment of the Republic (Emperor Sunjong)	Presidents of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1919-1925	Succeeded by Park Eunsik
Preceded by Kim Kyu Sik	Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly 1948	Succeeded by Dissolved (Speaker of the Constituent Assembly)
Preceded by New Creation (Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly)	Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly 1948	Succeeded by Shin Ik-hee
Preceded by Kim Gu (President of the Provisional Government) Syngman Rhee (Speaker of the Constituent Assembly)	President of South Korea 1948-1960	Succeeded by Yun Boseon

	Presidents of South Korea
Provisional Government: Rhee Syng-man | Park Eunsik | Yi Sang-ryong | Hong Jin | Yi Dong-nyung | Kim Gu Republic: Rhee Syng-man | Yun Bo-seon | Park Chung-hee | Choi Kyu-hah | Chun Doo-hwan | Roh Tae-woo | Kim Young-sam | Kim Dae-jung | Roh Moo-hyun