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A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of electromagnetic radiation. The earliest known telescopes are credited to three individuals, Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, spectacle-makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar also known as Jacob Adriaanszoon (see History of telescopes). "Telescope" (from the Greek tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or see'; teleskopos = 'far-seeing') was a name invented in 1611 by Prince Frederick Sesi^[1] while watching a presentation of Galileo Galilei's instrument, which was based on Hans Lippershey's design.^[2]. "Telescope" usually refers to optical telescopes, but there are telescopes that operate in other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A diagram of a Newtonian telescope.

Types of telescope

The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments and is difficult to define. They all have the attribute of collecting electromagnetic radiation so it can be studied or analyzed in some manner. The most common type is the optical telescope. Other types also exist and are listed below.

Optical telescopes

50 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory.

Main article: Optical telescope

An optical telescope gathers and focuses light mainly from the visible part of the Electromagnetic spectrum (although some work in the infrared and ultraviolet). Optical telescopes increase the apparent angular size of distant objects, as well as their apparent brightness. Telescopes work by employing one or more curved optical elements - usually made from glass - lenses or mirrors - to gather light or other electromagnetic radiation and bring that light or radiation to a focus, where the image can be observed, photographed, studied, or sent to a computer. Optical telescopes are used for astronomy and in many non-astronomical instruments, including: theodolites (including transits), spotting scopes, monoculars, binoculars, camera lenses, and spyglasses. There are three main types:

• The refracting telescope which uses solely an arrangement of lenses (excluding star diagonals).
• The reflecting telescope which uses solely an arrangement of mirrors (excluding eyepieces).
• The catadioptric telescope which uses a combination of mirrors and lenses, and usally have a glass corrector plate at the front.

Radio telescopes

The 76.0 m Lovell radio telescope at Jodrell Bank Observatory.

Main article: Radio telescope

Radio telescopes are directional radio antennae that often have a parabolic shape. The dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the wavelength being observed. Multi-element Radio telescopes are constructed from pairs or larger groups of these dishes to synthesize large "virtual" apertures that are similar in size to the separation between the telescopes: see aperture synthesis. As of 2005, the current record array size is many times the width of the Earth, utilizing space-based Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) telescopes such as the Japanese HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy) VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) satellite. Aperture synthesis is now also being applied to optical telescopes using optical interferometers (arrays of optical telescopes) and Aperture Masking Interferometry at single reflecting telescopes. Radio telescopes are also used to collect microwave radiation, often used to help study the leftover Big Bang radiation, and also can be used to collect radiation when visible light is obstructed or faint, such as from quasars. Some radio telescopes are used by programs such as SETI and the Arecibo Observatory to search for exterrestrial life. (see also: Wow! Signal)

X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes

Main articles: X-Ray astronomy, Gamma-ray astronomy

Since X-ray and gamma-ray radiation go through most metals and glasses, some X-ray telescopes use ring-shaped "glancing" mirrors, made of heavy metals, that reflect the rays just a few degrees. The mirrors are usually a section of a rotated parabola. Gamma-ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely, and use coded aperture masks; the pattern of shadows the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image.

These types of telescopes are usually on Earth-orbiting satellites or high-flying balloons, since the Earth's atmosphere is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum with the Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) and the types of telescopes used to image parts of the spectrum.

Other types

• Binoculars
• Spotting scopes
• Monoculars
• Telephoto lens
• Solar Telescope
• Theodolites

Notable telescopes

The Very Large Array at Socorro, New Mexico, United States.

• Anglo-Australian Telescope
• Arecibo Observatory
• Atacama Large Millimeter Array
• Chandra X-ray Observatory
• CHARA (Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy) array
• Hale telescope
• Hexapod-Telescope
• Hooker Telescope
• Hubble Space Telescope
• IceCube Neutrino Detector
• Isaac Newton Telescope
• Keck telescope
• LIGO
• McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope
• McMath-Hulbert Observatory (Solar)
• Magdalena Ridge Observatory
• Multiple-Mirror telescope
• Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer
• Overwhelmingly Large Telescope (proposed)
• Parkes Observatory
• Southern African Large Telescope
• Subaru Telescope
• UK Schmidt Telescope
• Very Large Array
• Very Large Telescope
• Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
• William Herschel Telescope
• XMM-Newton

See also

A group of Newtonian Telescopes at Perkins Observatory, Delaware, Ohio

• Amateur telescope making
• Angular resolution
• Aperture synthesis
• ASCOM open standards for computer control of telescopes
• BOOTES
• Depth of field
• Dynameter
• Eyepiece
• First light
• f-number
• History of telescopes
• Keyhole problem
• List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
• List of largest optical refracting telescopes
• Microscope
• Nimrud lens
• Remote Telescope Markup Language
• Robotic telescope
• Space observatory
• Timeline of telescope technology
• Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology

Notes

1. ^ antiquetelescopes.org - An early history of the telescope
2. ^ worldwidewords.org, The evolving tele- prefix, Michael Quinion, 1996–2007

References

• Contemporary Astronomy - Second Edition, Jay M. Pasachoff, Saunders Colleges Publishing - 1981, ISBN 0-03-057861-2

External links

• "The First Telescopes". Part of an exhibit from Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology by the American Institute of Physics
• ESO 100 m telescope
• The Resolution of a Telescope
• Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)
• The Digges telescope of the 1570s
• The Swedish Solar telescope
• History of Refracting Telescope