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Tequila is a spirit made primarily in the area surrounding Tequila, a town in the western Mexican state of Jalisco, 65 km northwest of Guadalajara. It is made from the blue agave (also known as Agave tequilana azul, Weber's blue agave, and also called Maguey by the local people), part of the lily and amaryllis families, which is native to Mexico. Most common tequilas are 35% to 55% alcohol (70 to 110 proof).^[1]

Contents 1 Regions and other variations 2 History 2.1 Recent history 2.1.1 2006 Tequila Trade Agreement 2.1.2 TMA 3 Types of tequila 3.1 Types and brands 4 Drinks 4.1 Tequila shots 4.2 Glasses 4.3 Other drinks 5 Popular culture 6 Notes 7 External links

Tequila is only one type of mezcal, which is the name of any distilled alcohol made from the agave plant. What makes tequila different from other mezcals is its adherence to the strict standards set by the Tequila Regulatory Council (Mexican norm NOM-006-SCFI-1994), the region where it is made – Denominación de Origen regulations restrict its production to specific regions in the states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Tamaulipas and Nayarit – and the fact that tequila is made from Agave tequilana Weber, also called blue agave or agave azul. Tequila is required to be at least 51% agave; the remainder is usually maize or sugarcane. There are, however, premium tequilas made from 100% blue agave. If it is not made from 100% agave, tequila is referred to as mixto, although labels in the bottles will say only "Tequila". Tequila that is made only from agave must be bottled in Mexico and will say in the label "Tequila 100% de Agave" or "Tequila 100% puro de Agave" (some may add the word Azul after agave).^[2]

A person trained in the facts of Tequila history, Tequila production, and Mexican Folklore is called a Tequilero.

Bulk agave syrup, usually derived from wild agave, may be exported, and often has other sugars added, and caramel for colouring. Agave syrup or nectar is about 90% fructose, and is often used as a sweetener and a safe substitute for table sugar, corn syrup, or honey. It is marketed as a natural sweetener with a low glycemic index.

Tequila was first produced in the 16th century near the location of the city of Tequila which was not officially established until 1656. The Aztec people had previously made a fermented beverage from the agave plant which they called octli (later, and more popularly called pulque), long before the Spanish arrived in 1521. When the Spanish conquistadors ran out of their own brandy, they began to distill this agave drink to produce North America's first indigenous distilled spirit.^[3]

Some 80 years later, around 1600, Don Pedro Sánchez de Tagle, the Marquis of Altamira, began mass-producing tequila at the first factory in the territory of modern-day Jalisco. By 1608, the colonial governor of Nueva Galicia had begun to tax his products.

The tequila that is popular today was first mass-produced in the early 1800s in Guadalajara, Mexico. 1800 Tequila is marketed today in commemoration of the year in which the first successfully aged Tequila was produced. Several large batches of Tequila produced in 1800 (although not of the original single batch) have survived the test of time and are marketed today for commercial consumption. This premium Tequila is a tribute to the earliest master Tequila blenders.^{[citation needed]}

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, increasing world-wide popularity of tequila drove corporate interest in the drink. Notable developments as a result included:

• The purchase of Herradura by Brown-Forman for $776 million in September 2006.^[4]
• Casa Noble was selected, after a lengthy split-decision between Casa Noble and Fortune Brands' El Tesoro de Don Felipe, as the Outstanding Tequila of the Decade (1996 - 2006) in July of 2006.^[5]
• A new NOM (Norma Official Mexicana) for tequila (NOM-006-SCFI-2005) was issued in 2006, and among other changes, introduced a category of tequila called "tequila extra añejo" which must be aged a minimum of 3 years.^[6]
• The purchase of the Sauza and El Tesoro brands by massive holding company Fortune Brands.^[7]
• The production of the El Tesoro's Paradiso, a blended tequila, aged in French oak barrels that had been used for A. de Fussigny Cognac is one of the moves the industry has made to differentiate the "ultra-premium" tequila market.^[8]

Although some tequilas have remained as family owned brands, most well known tequila brands are owned by large multinational corporations. However, there are over 100 distilleries making over six hundred brands of tequila in Mexico and over 2,000 brand names have been registered.^{[citation needed]}

A one-liter bottle of limited-edition premium tequila was sold for $225,000 in July of 2006 in Tequila, Jalisco, by the company Tequila Ley .925. The bottle which contains the tequila is a two-kilo display of platinum and gold. The manufacturer has received the Certificate from Guinness World Records for the most expensive bottle of liquor ever sold.^[9]

On January 17, 2006 the United States and Mexico signed an agreement allowing the continued bulk import of Tequila into the United States. Without this agreement all tequila would have had to be bottled in Mexico. However, bulk importing applies to "well Tequila" which must include a minimum of 51% agave. 100% agave Tequilas must be bottled in Mexico. In addition to allowing bulk import, the agreement also created a “tequila bottlers registry” that identifies approved bottlers of tequila.^{[citation needed]}

Other key elements of the agreement include:

• The end of restrictions of bulk tequila exports to the United States;
• A prohibition on Mexican regulation of tequila labeling or marketing, as well as the labeling, formulation, and marketing of distilled spirits specialty products outside of Mexico;
• Continuation of current practice with respect to addressing Mexican concerns regarding the manufacturing of tequila in the United States; and
• Establishment of a working group to monitor the implementation of the agreement.

For more detail on TMA, see the entry in Tequila agave

TMA is a blight that has reduced the production of the agave grown to produce tequila. This has resulted in lower production and higher prices throughout the early 2000s, and due to the long maturation of the plant, will likely continue to affect prices for years to come.^[10]

Tequila is usually bottled in one of five categories:^[6]

• oro ("gold") – unaged tequila which is "joven y abogado" (young and adulterated) which means that caramel, fructose, glycerin and wood flavoring can be added to resemble aged tequila
• blanco ("white") or plata ("silver") – not aged white spirit
• reposado ("rested") – aged a minimum of 2 months but less than a year in oak barrels
• añejo ("aged" or "vintage") – aged minimum 1 year but less than 3 years in oak barrels
• extra añejo ("extra aged") – aged minimum 3 year in oak barrels This is a new category which was established in March 2006.

The aging process changes the color of tequila, but the liquid can sometimes be colored with caramel to show a darker color, indicative of a longer aging process; añejos tend to be darker, the reposados slightly less dark, while the platas are not colored at all.^{[citation needed]}

It is a common misconception that some tequilas contain a 'worm' in the bottle. Only certain mezcals, usually from the state of Oaxaca, are ever sold con gusano, and that only began as a marketing gimmick in the 1940s. The worm is actually the larval form of the moth Hypopta agavis that lives on the agave plant. Finding one in the plant during processing indicates an infestation and, correspondingly, a lower quality product. (Note: for more information on how tequila is made, see mezcal.) However this misconception continues, and even with all the effort and marking to represent Tequila as a premium -- similar to the way Cognac is viewed in relation to brandy -- there are some opportunist producers for the shooters and fun market who blur these boundaries.^{[citation needed]}

In the 2000s, a distributor known for their Tequilas, launched Villa Lobos, a vodka which had the unique selling point that it too featured the "agave worm". The marketing of this product highlighted the drink's links with Tequilas and said that it was developed in reaction to the Tequila crisis of the previous years.^{[citation needed]}

Main article: List of tequila brands

There is a very distinctive taste difference between the different types of tequila.^{[citation needed]} The most notable being a "bite" that tequila is famous for. This "bite" is more common with the lower end "gold" tequilas and is mostly due to additives that are less expensive than 100% agave.

A single shot of tequila is often served with salt and a slice of lemon or lime. This is called "tequila cruda" and is sometimes referred to as "training wheels". The drinker moistens the back of their hand below the index finger (usually by licking) and pours on the salt. Then the salt is licked off the hand, tequila is drunk and the fruit slice is quickly bitten. It is common for groups of drinkers to do this simultaneously. Though the traditional Mexican shot is straight tequila, lime is the fruit of choice when a chaser must be used.[1] The salt lessens the "burn" of the tequila and the sour fruit balances and enhances the flavor. This is rarely done with aged tequilas due to their smoother character.

In Mexico, especially in tequila's home state of Jalisco, it is popular to drink fine tequila with a side of sangrita--a sweet, sour and spicy drink typically made from orange juice, grenadine (or tomato juice) and hot chiles. Equal-sized shots of tequila and sangrita are sipped alternately.

In Germany and some other countries, tequila is often consumed with cinnamon before and slices of orange after--substituting for the salt and lemon that are used elsewhere.

Finally, as with other popular liquors, there are a number of shot-related drinking games and "stunt" drinks such as body shots and the tequila stuntman.

When served neat (without any additional ingredients), tequila is most often served in a narrow shot glass called a caballito,^[11] but can often be found in anything from a snifter to a tumbler.

The Consejo Regulador del Tequila (Tequila Regulatory Council) approved an "official tequila glass" in 2002, made by Riedel.^[12]

The margarita glass, rimmed with salt or plain, is a staple for the entire tequila/fruit mixed drink genre, including the margarita itself.

There are an endless variety of drinks that involve tequila, relying only on the imagination of the preparer. As with most of the hard liquors, there is a martini variant that involves tequila as well as a large number of tequila drinks made by adding a fruit juice such as the Tequila Sunrise. Sodas and other carbonated drinks are a common mixer, as in the Tequila Slammer.^{[citation needed]}

See also: List of songs about tequila

Tequila is a common topic of popular culture, ranging from films that simply use the name, such as Tequila Sunrise (film) (1998) to songs about the drink. In song, tequila is diversely portrayed, ranging from Jimmy Buffett's semi-serious Margaritaville to The Eagles' maudlin Tequila Sunrise. Tequila even enters the popular news media. For example, Mel Gibson's anti-Semitic outburst when arrested for drunk driving was attributed to tequila consumption.^[13] Sammy Hagar, rock star and owner of Cabo Wabo Tequila described tequila's stigma as, "the stuff that you go, 'I will never drink that as long as I live,' and you have gotten sick in college on rot-gut tequila." This image of tequila as the instigator of particularly egregious intoxication and hangovers is pervasive in references to the drink in popular culture.^[14]

1. ^ Viva Tequila: How Tequila Is Made. Duprex, Inc. (2001).
2. ^ Viva Tequila: Tequila and Mezcal. Duprex, Inc. (2001).
3. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In Search of the Blue Agave: History and Legend.
4. ^ Brown-Forman Completes Casa Herradura Acquisition for $776 Million (Brown-Forman press release). Brown-Forman Corporation (2006).
5. ^ Casa Noble Tequila Wins Outstanding Tequila Of The Decade Award (Casa Noble press release). Drinks Media Wire (2006-07-18).
6. ^ ^{a b} Romo, Miguel Aguilar - El Director General de Normas (2006). NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA NOM-006-SCFI-2005, BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS-TEQUILA-ESPECIFICACIONES..
7. ^ Fortune Brands: Our Brands. Fortune Brands (2005).
8. ^ Halatas, Zoë (2006). TEQUILA ESQUELA It's Not Just For Shootin' Anymore.
9. ^ "Bottle of Tequila Sold for $225,000", Associated Press Online, July 23, 2006.
10. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In Search of the Blue Agave: Industry News & Information.
11. ^ Chadwick, Ian (2004). In search of the blue agave Part 7 of 14.
12. ^ RIEDEL INTRODUCES OFFICIAL TEQUILA GLASS. Atlanta's Finest Dining.com (2002-04-12).
13. ^ Popkin, Helen A.S. (2006-08-16). Mel Gibson didn’t mean what he said: ‘Road Warrior’ continues to blame tequila, not himself, for bigoted rant. MSNBC.
14. ^ Interview with Sammy Hagar from Cabo Wabo Tequila. Tequila Aficionado Magazine (2006).

• Consejo Regulador del Tequila A.C.
• There is something about Tequila
• Tequila: Culture and Myths
• Academia Mexicana del tequila
• Tequila Planet: Learn Tequila; Reviews of Tequilas and Tequila Bars
• Viva Tequila
• All Tequilas
• Tequila News, Tequila FAQ's, and Tequila Brands Database
• United States and Mexico Reach Agreement on Tequila (PDF)
• Photographs of Tequila Bottles
• Tequila news page – Alcohol and Drugs History Society