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A tessarakontes (forty) is a large type of galley. The forty of its name may refer to its number of banks of oars, though this poses problems.

Contents 1 Source 2 How many rows of oars? 3 Construction 4 Specifications 5 Record-holder 6 Further reading 7 External links

The only recorded instance of this type is a showpiece galley built for Ptolemy IV of Egypt, described by Callixenus of Rhodes, writing in the 3rd century BCE, and by Athenaeus in the 2nd century AD. Plutarch also mentions that Ptolemy Philopater owned this immense vessel in his Life of Demetrios.

The trireme was the main Greek warship up to and into the Hellenistic period, during which (at the beginning of the 4th century BC) several new galley-types were introduced. Their names, such as tetereis (fours, sing. teteres) and pentereis (fives, sing. penteres). This led up to the mid-4th century BCE innovations of "sixes", "sevens" and so on, even up to "thirteens" and, by the 3rd century BCE, a "sixteen". This trend culminated with the tessarakonteres. Little evidence survives about all these giant ships, and their names have proved difficult to interpret.

During this period ships were increasingly designed as artillery platforms, with enclosed sides and a complete deck. The additional weight all this involved was probably the design imperative for adding extra rowing capacity.

Ships of this type were depicted with up to three banks of oars, so that they were really just larger versions of the bireme and trireme with more than one rower per oar. From galleys used in the 17th and 18th centuries BCE, it is known that the maximum number of men that can operate a single oar efficiently is eight, and so the largest efficient Greek vessel would have had three banks of oars with eight men per oar (a "twenty-four"). In fact a "sixteen" is one of the large galleys most frequently mentioned. This could have had two banks of oars on each side, with each oar operated by eight men. However, this theory still leaves the problem of the "forty" without a satisfactory explanation.

If the number was derived from the number of men per pair of oars, it can account easily for the lower numbers like so:

• "fours" - two rows of oars each side, with two men per oar and thus "four" on each pair of oars
• "fives" - five rows of oars (? per side)

A hull of such size would involve great bending-induced stresses, which were dealt with using as strake edge jointing. The plank shear issue was more directly addressed in the ancient practice of mortise and tenon jointed planks (strakes), which "certainly goes back to 14th century BC and very much likely before that". (The Ancient Mariners : Lionel Casson 2nd Ed. Princeton Univertsity Press 1991, p108)

The average trireme was well short of this scale, intended as it was to be fast in the water and light enough to be hauled up on the beach by the crew. The large scale of ship's rams that could be cast in the ancient world was determined from a monument that once displayed them.

The current theory^{[citation needed]} is that Ptolemy's ship was an oversize catamaran galley, measuring 128 m 420 ft. The dual hull arrangement with a central working platform was designed for sea battles with catapults and could carry 3 to 4 thousand marines.

• Length 425 feet (280 Greek cubits)
• Beam 58 feet
• Height from tip of sternpost to waterline 80 feet
• Length of steering oars 45 feet 6 inches
• Longest rowing oars used 57 feet 8 inches
• Displacement 10000?
• Oarsmen 4000
• Other ratings 400
• Marines 2850

The Guinness Book of Records recognizes it as the world's Largest Human Powered Vessel.

• Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World : Lionel Casson. Johns Hopkins Univ Press 1995, p29

• http://www.worldwideflood.com/objections/ancients_incapable.htm
• http://www.fofweb.com/Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAG0360