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This article deals with the specific antibiotic called tetracycline. For the group of antibiotics known as the tetracyclines, see tetracycline antibiotics.

Tetracycline
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino- 6,10,11,12a-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5, 5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione OR 4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro- 3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy- 1,11dioxo-naphthacene-2carboxamide
Identifiers
CAS number	60-54-8
ATC code	A01AB13 D06AA04 J01AA07 S01AA09 S02AA08 S03AA02
PubChem	643969
DrugBank	APRD00572
Chemical data
Formula	C22H24N2O8
Mol. mass	444.435 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	60-80% Oral, while fasting <40% Intramuscular
Metabolism	Not metabolised
Half life	6-11 hours
Excretion	Fecal and Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	D(AU) D(US)
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	oral, topical (skin & eye), im, iv

Tetracycline (INN) (pronounced /ˌtɛtrəˈsaɪkliːn/) is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne. It is sold under the brand names Sumycin, Terramycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber form, used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semi-synthetic derivatives, which together are known as the Tetracycline antibiotic group.

Contents 1 Mode of action 2 History 3 Cautions, contraindications, side effects 4 Indication 5 Other uses 6 References

It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, by binding aminoacyl-tRNA.

Toxicity may be result of inactivation of mitochondrial 30S ribosomes in host cells.

The tetracyclines are a large family of antibiotics that were discovered as natural products by Benjamin Minge Duggar and first described in 1948.^[1] Tetracycline was then discovered by Lloyd Conover in the research departments of Pfizer. The patent for tetracycline, U.S. Patent 2,624,354 , was first issued in 1950. However, Nubian mummies have been studied in the 1990s and were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline; there is evidence that the beer brewed at the time could have been the source.^[2] Tetracycline sparked the development of many chemically altered antibiotics and in doing so has proved to be one of the most important discoveries made in the field of antibiotics. It is used to treat many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa.

Are as those of the tetracycline antibiotics group:

• Can stain developing teeth (even when taken by the mother during pregnancy)
• Inactivated by Ca²⁺ ion, not advised to be taken with milk or yogurt
• Inactivated by aluminium, iron and zinc, not to be taken at the same time as indigestion remedies
• Inactivated by common antacids and over the counter heart burn medicines.
• Skin photosensitivity, not advised to be exposed to the Sun or intense light
• Drug-induced lupus, and hepatitis
• Tinnitus
• When used for acne vulgaris, skin can be extremely dry and flaky if overused
• May interfere with methotrexate by displacing it from the various protein binding sites.

Tetracycline's primary use is for the treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea.

It is also used to treat a very wide range of infections; see tetracycline antibiotics for details.

Since tetracycline is absorbed into bone, it is used as a marker of bone growth for biopsies in humans, and as a biomarker in wildlife to detect consumption of medicine- or vaccine-containing baits.^[3] The presence of tetracycline in bone is detected by its fluorescence.^[4]

In genetic engineering tetracycline is used in transcriptional activation. Tetracycline is also one of the antibiotics used to treat ulcers caused by bacterial infections.

1. ^ Klajn, Rafal, Chemistry and chemical biology of tetracyclines, retrieved 20 June 2007.
2. ^ George Armelagos (May, 2000). Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years - use of tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on 2007-12-19.
3. ^ Olson CA, et al. Bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in Florida. J Wildl Dis. 2000 Oct;36(4):734-43.
4. ^ Mayton CA. Tetracycline labeling of bone

v • d • e Stomatological preparations (A01)
Caries prophylactic agents	Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate - Olaflur - Stannous fluoride
Anti-infectives and antiseptics	Hydrogen peroxide - Chlorhexidine - Amphotericin B - Polynoxylin - Domiphen - Oxyquinoline - Neomycin - Miconazole - Natamycin - Hexetidine - Tetracycline - Benzoxonium chloride - Tibezonium iodide - Mepartricin - Metronidazole - Clotrimazole - Sodium perborate - Chlortetracycline - Doxycycline - Minocycline - Eugenol
Corticosteroids	Triamcinolone - Dexamethasone - Hydrocortisone
Other	Epinephrine/Adrenalone - Benzydamine - Acetylsalicylic acid - Amlexanox

v • d • e Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use (D06)
Antibiotics: tetracycline and derivatives	Demeclocycline - Chlortetracycline - Oxytetracycline - Tetracycline
Antibiotics: other	Fusidic acid - Chloramphenicol - Neomycin - Bacitracin - Gentamicin - Tyrothricin - Mupirocin - Virginiamycin - Rifaximin - Amikacin
Chemotherapeutics: sulfonamides	Silver sulfadiazine - Sulfathiazole - Mafenide - Sulfamethizole - Sulfanilamide - Sulfamerazine
Chemotherapeutics: antivirals	Idoxuridine - Tromantadine - Aciclovir - Podophyllotoxin - Inosine - Penciclovir - Lysozyme - Ibacitabine - Edoxudine - Imiquimod - Docosanol
Chemotherapeutics: other	Metronidazole

v • d • e Acne-treating agents (D10)
Topical agents	Azelaic acid • Benzoyl peroxide • Glycolic acid • Light therapy • Salicylic acid • Tea tree oil
Antibiotics	Clindamycin • Erythromycin • Sulfacetamide • Tetracyclines • Trimethoprim
Hormonal	Antiandrogens • Contraceptives
Retinoids	Adapalene • Isotretinoin • Tazarotene • Tretinoin

v • d • e Antibacterials for systemic use: tetracycline antibiotics (J01A)
Tetracyclines	Chlortetracycline • Clomocycline • Demeclocycline • Doxycycline • Lymecycline • Metacycline • Minocycline • Oxytetracycline • Penimepicycline • Rolitetracycline • Tetracycline
Glycylcyclines	Tigecycline

v • d • e Otologicals (S02)
Anti-infectives	Chloramphenicol - Nitrofural - Boric acid - Aluminium acetotartrate - Clioquinol - Hydrogen peroxide - Neomycin - Tetracycline - Chlorhexidine - Acetic acid - Polymyxin B - Rifamycin - Miconazole - Gentamicin
Corticosteroids	Hydrocortisone - Prednisolone - Dexamethasone - Betamethasone
Other otologicals	Lidocaine - Cocaine