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Title The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Author	Milan Kundera
Original title	Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí
Country	France
Publisher
Released	1984

The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Czech language: Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) is a novel written by Milan Kundera in 1982 and first published in 1984 in France. Set in 1968 Prague, the novel details the circumstances of life for artists and intellectuals in Czechoslovakia in the wake of the Prague Spring and the subsequent invasion by the USSR. The story's main character is Tomas, a well-known, successful surgeon, who criticizes the Czech Communists and as a result loses his position. Other important characters (who, together with Tomas, make up the group known as Kundera's Quartet) include his wife Tereza (a photographer), his lover Sabina (a painter), and Sabina's lover Franz (a university professor).

According to Kundera, "being" is full of "unbearable lightness" because each of us has only one life to live: "Einmal ist keinmal" ("once is nonce", i.e., "what happened once might as well have never happened at all"). Therefore, each life is ultimately insignificant; every decision ultimately does not matter. Since decisions do not matter, they are "light": they do not tie us down. But at the same time, the insignificance of our decisions - our lives, or being - is unbearable. Hence, "the unbearable lightness of being". The subject matter causes some critics to label this novel as a modernist work, while others see it as a celebratory explosion of post-modernism.

A paperback edition was reprinted in New York by Perennial in 1999 with ISBN 0-06-093213-9.

The first publishing of the original Czech version was in 1985 in exile publishing house 68 Publishers (Toronto, Canada). The second Czech publishing was in October 2006, in Brno (Czech Republic), almost 18 years after the Velvet Revolution, because Kundera didn't approve it earlier.

Contents 1 Characters 2 Film 3 See also 4 External links

• Tomas - The chief protagonist of the novel; a Czech surgeon and intellectual. Tomas is a light-hearted womanizer who lives for his work as a doctor. As a man, Tomas attempts to practice a philosophy of lightness. He considers sex and love two separate and unrelated entities; he sleeps with many women, and loves one woman (Tereza), and sees no problem with the simultaneous existence of these two activities. His womanizing is explained as an "es muss sein!" of his mind to explore the differences of each woman, differences shown only during love-making. At the beginning he thinks of his wife as a burden, a child sent to him through a river to take care of. In the end, however, their love materializes when he abandons the "Es muss sein!" of his job and his womanizing, and goes to live in the country with Tereza. During this time he also gets in touch with Simon, his son, after several situations occurring due to a letter he sent to a magazine on the subject of Prague Spring and Oedipus. Although it is never depicted in the novel, Simon later informs Sabina that Tomas died in a car crash with Tereza. The inscription on his grave was: "He wanted the Kingdom of God on Earth"

• Tereza - Tomas's young wife. A gentle, intellectual photographer, she delves into dangerous and dissident photojournalism during the Soviet occupation of Prague. Tereza does not damn Tomas for his infidelities, and instead characterizes herself as weaker than he is. Precisely because of her intelligence and compassion, Tereza presents a kind of heaviness Tomas cannot easily dismiss. She is mostly controlled by the division she places between soul and body, thinking of the latter as repulsive after the actions of her shameless mother. Throughout the book she expresses fear to be simply another body in Tomas's array of women. Once they go live in the country, she devotes herself to taking care of cattle and reading. During this time she becomes fond of animals, reaching the conclusion that they were the last link to the paradise abandoned by Adam and Eve, and becomes alienated from other humans. By the end of the book she realizes that she was always a burden to Tomas, as her love demanded that he became old. She dies with Tomas in the car accident.

• Sabina - Tomas's favorite mistress and closest friend. Lives her life as an extreme example of lightness, finding satisfaction in the act of betrayal. She declares war on kitsch, be it expressed through domesticity, unoriginality or untruth. Her struggle against the constraints imposed by her puritan ancestry and the Russian Socialists is shown through her paintings. Nevertheless, she many times express excitement at self-humiliation through the use of her grandfather's bowler hat, which starts as a sex toy between her and Tomas, and eventually becomes a relic of the past. After Tomas's death, she becomes the correspondent of Simon, while living under the roof of some olders Americans, who admire her artistic skill. She expresses her desire to be cremated and thrown to the winds after death--the last symbol of eternal lightness.

• Franz - Sabina's lover. A Geneva professor and idealist. Franz falls in love with Sabina, whom he (erroneously) considers a liberal and romantically tragic Czech dissident. Sabina considers both of those identities kitsch. He is a kind and compassionate man. As one of the dreamers of the novel, he bases his actions on loyalty towards the memory of his mother and Sabina, whose eyes he always feels. His life revolves completely around books and academia, so that he seeks lightness and ecstasy by participating in marches and protests, the last of which is a march in Cambodia. While there, he is mortally wounded during a mugging. Ironically, he always sought to escape the kitsch of his wife, Marie-Claude, but dies in her presence, so that Marie-Claude claims he always loved her. The inscription on his grave was: "A return after long wanderings."

• Karenin - The dog of Tomas and Tereza. Although physically a bitch, the name given always alludes to masculinity. Karenin lives his life according to routine, and shows extreme dislike of change. Once the married couple move to the country, Karenin becomes more content than ever, as he is able to enjoy more the attention of his owners. He also quickly befriends a pig named Mefisto. During this time Tomas discovers that Karenin has cancer, and even after removing a tumor it is clear that Karenin was going to die. In his deathbed he unites Tereza and Tomas through his "smile" at their attempts to improve his health. When he dies, Tereza expresses wish to place an inscription over his grave, "Here lies Karenin. He gave birth to two rolls and a bee", after a dream she had shortly before his death.

Main article: The Unbearable Lightness of Being (film)

In 1988, an American-made film adaptation of the novel was released.

• Lightness
• Prague Spring
• Existentialism

• SparkNotes Entry
• The Unbearable Lightness of Being at the Internet Movie Database
• Criterion Collection essay by Michael Sragow

Works by Milan Kundera
Novels: The Joke | Laughable Loves | Life Is Elsewhere | The Farewell Waltz | The Book of Laughter and Forgetting | The Unbearable Lightness of Being | Immortality | Slowness | Identity | Ignorance
Non-fiction: The Art of the Novel | Testaments Betrayed | The Curtain
Plays: Jacques and His Master