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Thomas Johnson (1732–1819) was an American jurist with a distinguished political career. He was the first elected Governor of Maryland, a delegate to the Continental Congress and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Contents 1 Background 2 Revolutionary years 3 Federal years 4 Later life 5 Monuments and memorials 6 References 7 External links 8 Further reading

Johnson was born in Calvert County, Maryland, on November 4, the son of Thomas and Dorcas Sedgwick Johnson. His grandfather, also named Thomas, was a lawyer in London who emigrated to Maryland sometime before 1700. He was the fourth of ten children, some of whom also had large families. (His brother Joshua's daughter Louisa Johnson married John Quincy Adams.)

The family, including Thomas, were educated at home. The young man was attracted to the law, studied it, and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1753. By 1760, he had moved his practice to Frederick County, Maryland. He was also elected for the first time to the provincial assembly in 1761. This Thomas Johnson married Ann Jennings, the daughter of an Annapolis judge on February 16, 1766. The couple had four children: Ann, Rebecca, Dorcas, and Joshua.

In 1774 and 1775 the Maryland assembly sent him as a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the Congress he was firmly in the camp of those who favored separation from Great Britain. It was his voice that nominated George Washington to be the head of the Continental Army in June of 1775.

In 1775, Congress created a committee of Secret Correspondence that was to seek foreign support for the war. Thomas Johnson was a committeeman along with Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Benjamin Harrison and John Jay.^[1]

He returned to Maryland and continued his work in the Assembly so he missed the chance to join in the United States Declaration of Independence. But in 1775 he did draft a declaration of rights adopted by the Maryland assembly. The declaration was later included as the first part of the state's first constitution, which was adopted for Maryland by the state's constitutional convention at Annapolis in 1776. He also began his service as brigadier general in the Maryland militia. In addition to his political activities, he and his brother Roger supported the revolution by manufacturing ammunition.^[2] The remains of their factory, Catoctin Furnace, is located just north of Frederick, Maryland.

As Maryland began to exercise its newly declared autonomy, the state legislature elected Thomas as the state's first Governor in 1777. He served in that capacity until 1779. In the 1780s he held a number of judicial posts in Maryland, and served in the assembly in 1780, 1786, and 1787. In 1785 he was one of the commissioners from Maryland and Virginia that met at Mount Vernon to agree on jurisdiction and navigation rules for the Potomac River. He attended the Maryland Convention in 1788, where he successfully urged the ratification of the United States Constitution.

In September of 1789, President Washington nominated him to be the first federal judge for the District of Maryland, but he declined the appointment. In 1790 and 1791 he was the senior justice in the Maryland General Court system. Then in 1791 Washington appointed him to the U.S. Supreme Court after John Rutledge resigned. He was the author of the Court's first written opinion, Georgia v. Brailsford, in 1792. He served on the court until February of 1793 when he resigned due to poor health.^[3] His health also made him decline Washington's 1795 offer to make him Secretary of State, an office that Thomas Jefferson recommended him for.

On February 28, 1801 President Adams named him chief judge for the Territory of the District of Columbia. As such he was a member of the board of Commissioners for the new federal city, which he suggested be named Washington.

His daughter Ann had married John Colin Grahame in 1788, and in his later years he lived with them in a home they had built in Frederick, Maryland. The home, called Rose Hill Manor, is now a county park, and is open to the public (a high school with his namesake is on half of the Rose Hill property). Thomas was in very poor health for many years. He did deliver a eulogy for his friend George Washington at a birthday memorial service on February 22, 1800. He died at Rose Hill on October 26, 1819, and is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Frederick.

More than one school is named after Thomas Johnson, e.g., Governor Thomas Johnson High School in Frederick, Maryland, Governor Thomas Johnson Middle School in [Frederick, Maryland], Thomas Johnson Middle School in Lanham, Maryland and Thomas Johnson Elementary School in Baltimore, Maryland.

In 1978, the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge was opened to traffic after being named for Johnson. The bridge crosses the Patuxent River and connects Calvert County, Maryland with St. Mary's County, Maryland.

• Thomas Johnson (governor) at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Johnson gravesite in Frederick, Maryland
• Rose Hill Manor Park web pages
• Maryland archives image of 1776 Declaration of Rights
• Thomas Johnson at Find-A-Grave
• Thomas Johnson letters - C. Burr Artz Public Library

• Edward Delaplaine; The Life of Thomas Johnson: Member of the Continental Congress, First Governor of Maryland, and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court; 1998 paperback edition: Heritage Books, ISBN 1-58549-687-1.

Preceded by Robert Eden (as Royal Governor)	Governor of Maryland 1777 –1779	Succeeded by Thomas Sim Lee
Preceded by John Rutledge	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States August 6, 1792 – January 16, 1793	Succeeded by William Paterson

Supreme Court of the United States
The Jay Court
1792–1793:	J. Wilson | Wm. Cushing | J. Blair | J. Iredell | Th. Johnson

v • d • e Governors of Maryland
Colonial	L. Calvert • Greene • Stone • Fendall • P. Calvert • C. Calvert, 3rd Baron • Wharton • Notley • C. Calvert, 3rd Baron • B. Calvert • Joseph • Coode • Neh. Blakiston • Copley • Lawrence • Andros • Greenberry • Andros • Lawrence • Nicholson • Nat. Blakiston • Tench • Seymour • Lloyd • Hart • Brooke • C. Calvert, 5th Baron • B.L. Calvert • Ogle • C. Calvert, 5th Baron • Ogle • Bladen • Ogle • Tasker • Sharpe • Eden
Statehood	Johnson • T. Lee • Paca • Smallwood • J. Howard • Plater • Brice • T. Lee • Stone • Henry • Ogle • Mercer • R. Bowie • Wright • E. Lloyd • R. Bowie • Winder • Ridgely • C. Goldsborough • Sprigg • Stevens • Kent • Martin • T. Carroll • Martin • G. Howard • J. Thomas • Veazey • Grason • F. Thomas • Pratt • P. Thomas • Lowe • Ligon • Hicks • Bradford • Swann • O. Bowie • Whyte • Groome • J. Carroll • Hamilton • McLane • H. Lloyd • Jackson • Brown • Lowndes • Smith • Warfield • Crothers • P. Goldsborough • Harrington • Ritchie • Nice • O'Conor • Lane • McKeldin • Tawes • Agnew • Mandel • Hughes • Schaefer • Glendening • Ehrlich • O'Malley