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Thomas Joseph Mooney (December 8, 1882–March 6, 1942) was an American labor leader in San Francisco, who famously spent 22½ years in prison for a crime he did not commit, the Preparedness Day Bombing of 1916.

Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Suspected dynamiter 1.3 Trial 1.4 In prison 1.5 Release and later years 2 References 3 External links

The son of Irish immigrants, Mooney was born in Chicago, Illinois. His father Bernard had been a coal miner and a militant organizer for the Knights of Labor in struggles so intense that in one fight he was left for dead by anti-union thugs. Bernard died of "miner's con" (now known as silicosis) at the age of 36, when Tom, the oldest of three surviving children, was ten years old. Mooney held many jobs as an industrial worker before developing a career as a labor leader, anarchist, and socialist activist.

As a young man, Mooney toured Europe, where he learned about socialism. After arriving in California, he met his wife Rena, and found a place in the Socialist Party of America and the presidential campaign of Eugene V. Debs. In 1910, Mooney won a trip to the Second International Conference in Copenhagen by selling a huge number of subscriptions to the socialist Wilshire Magazine. On his way home, he visited the British Trades Union Congress in Sheffield, England.

Upon his return, he joined the Industrial Workers of the World, but quickly left, because of certain disagreements. Mooney had been tried but never convicted of transporting explosives for the purpose of blowing up transmission lines. Later in life, Tom admitted that he began a campaign of dynamiting Pacific Gas and Electric Company power towers on behalf of P.G.& E. workers.

Tom was well known as a militant, a socialist, and a suspected dynamiter. He was tried and convicted for the Preparedness Day bombing, July 22, 1916 in San Francisco, known as the "the best damned union town in America". The bomb exploded at Steuart and Market Street near the Embarcadero. Mooney had been tipped off to threats that preceded the parade and pushed resolutions through his union, the Molders, and the San Francisco Central Labor Council and the Building Trades Council warning that agent provocateurs might attempt to blacken the labor movement by causing a disturbance at the parade. Ten deaths and forty injuries resulted from the explosion in the midst of the Preparedness Day parade.

Thomas Mooney, his wife Rena, and two associates, Warren K. Billings (1893-1972) and jitney driver Israel Weinberg, were arrested. The show trial that followed was conducted in a lynch mob atmosphere, and featured several witnesses whose perjury was coached by the prosecutors, D.A. Charles Fickert and deputy D.A. Eddie Cunha. It included one witness who claimed her "astral body" was not at the scene. Mooney and Billings were convicted in separate trials and sentenced to be hanged. Rena Mooney and Weinberg were acquitted.

After Mooney was sentenced, the Socialist Party tried to expel him, but his local branch held out. Due to worldwide agitation, from Mexico City to Petrograd in the Soviet Union, US President Woodrow Wilson became involved. Without informing Mooney's defense committee, Wilson telegraphed California Governor William Stephens asking him to commute Mooney's sentence to life imprisonment, or at least stay the impending execution. Later, a commission set up by Wilson found little evidence of Mooney's guilt.

In 1918, Mooney's sentence was changed to life imprisonment, the same as Billings. Mooney, prisoner No. 31921, quickly became one of the most famous political prisoners in America.

Evidence of the perjury and false testimony at the trial soon became common knowledge, and a world-wide campaign to free Tom Mooney followed. During that time his wife Rena, Bulletin editor Fremont Older, anarchists Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, Hollywood celebrities, international politicians, and many other well-known people campaigned for his release.

Mooney was pardoned in 1938 by Democratic Governor Culbert Olson. The Sunday after his release, he visited the grave of his mother, one of his greatest supporters, on Mount Tamalpais in Marin County.

He then walked in a parade up Market Street from the Embarcadero to the San Francisco Civic Center, accompanied by an honor guard of one hundred husky longshoremen with their hooks, led by Mooney's own union, Local 164 of the International Molders' Union, in the vanguard. No police or politicians were invited; bosses of the big unions were unwelcome and stayed away. Mooney thumbed his nose at the Hearst building at Third and Market, a gesture against the local press editors who had railed against him for decades.

Mooney then went to bat for Billings's release. He travelled around the country making speeches, and drew a full house at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Billings was pardoned in 1939.

Mooney died at Saint Luke's Hospital in San Francisco in 1942. A great funeral celebration was held at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. He was interred at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma.

• Estolv E. Ward, The Gentle Dynamiter, Ramparts Press, Palo Alto, California: 1983. ISBN 0-87867-089-0, ISBN 0-87867-090-4 (paperback)
• Curt Gentry, Frame Up, W.W. Norton & Co., New York: 1967.
• Gene Fellner (editor), Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader, Four Walls Eight Windows, New York: 1992.

• Mooney's story
• Spartacus School on Mooney
• Modern American Poetry website's essay on Mooney (with pictures)
• Free Tom Mooney!. Brief history illustrated with campaign buttons.