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Trans-Canada Air Lines (also TCA in English, and Air Canada in French) was a Canadian airline and operated as the country's flag carrier. Its corporate headquarters were in Montreal, Quebec, and its first president was Gordon Roy McGregor.

L-10A Electra "CF-TCC" in Trans-Canada Air Lines livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.

TCA was created by the Crown corporation Canadian National Railways (CNR), and launched its first flight on September 1, 1937 on a flight between Vancouver and Seattle.

The creation of TCA was partly by CNR management who wanted to expand the company into the new field of passenger aviation, and was partly by government direction. Prior to TCA, no large national airline existed in Canada. With war looming, and other nations (primarily the U.S.) experiencing major increases in the creation of passenger airlines, it was necessary to have a presence. CNR was the country's largest corporation at the time and proved an effective vehicle for the government to create a national airline.

Interestingly, TCA was also in direct competition with passenger trains operated by parent CNR, and contributed to the decline of passenger rail service as Canada entered the pioneering years of air travel. In response to CNR's creation of TCA, arch-rival Canadian Pacific Railway created Canadian Pacific Air Lines in 1942. In 1953 with the development of ReserVec, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals.

In 1964, an act of Parliament proposed by Jean Chrétien changed the name of Trans-Canada Air Lines to "Air Canada", which was already in use as the airline's French-language name, effective January 1, 1965. By the late 1970s, Air Canada was divested by parent CN, and the airline became a separate Crown corporation and was privatized in 1989.

• April 8, 1954: A Harvard Mark II plane collided with a TCA flight over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.
• July 9, 1956: In the 1956 Trans-Canada Air Lines incident, a propeller separated from a Vickers Viscount turboprop over Flat Rock, Michigan, slicing into the cabin and killing one passenger.
• December 9, 1956: Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, a Canadair Northstar, crashed near Hope, British Columbia, Canada after encountering severe icing and turbulence, killing all 62 people on board.
• November 29, 1963: Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8, crashed shortly after takeoff from Montreal/Dorval International Airport (now Montreal/Trudeau), killing all 118 people on board.

• Vickers Viscount
• Canadair Northstar
• Douglas DC-8
• Lockheed L-10 Electra
• Lockheed L-749 Constellation^[1]

• Air Canada
• Canadian National Railway
• Canadian Airlines
• ReserVec

1. ^ Photos of L749 with TCA markings taken in 1956 at Montreal-Dorval Airport by H.G. Rath:
   

   

   L749 photo 1
   

   

   L749 photo 2