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Transfection is the term used to describe the introduction of foreign material into eukaryotic cells. This typically involves opening transient pores or 'holes' in the cell plasma membrane, to allow uptake of material. Whilst this is most commonly genetic material such as supercoiled plasmid DNA, such as is used with siRNA constructs, the term can also be applied to antibodies or other proteins. Transfection is frequently carried out by mixing a cationic lipid with the material to produce liposomes, which, after application, fuse with the cell plasma membrane and deposit their cargo inside. Whilst the term transfection is most often used for mammalian cells, transformation is generally used for the same process as applied to bacteria, and occasionally plants.

Contents 1 Methods 2 Stable and transient transfection 3 References 4 See also 5 External links

There are various methods of introducing foreign DNA into a cell. One of the cheapest (and least reliable) ones is transfection by calcium phosphate, originally discovered by S. Bacchetti and F. L. Graham in 1977.^[1] HEPES-buffered saline solution (HeBS) containing phosphate ions is combined with a calcium chloride solution containing the DNA to be transfected. When the two are combined, a fine precipitate of calcium phosphate will form, binding the DNA to be transfected on its surface. The suspension of the precipitate is then added to the cells to be transfected (usually a cell culture grown in a monolayer). By a process not entirely understood, the cells take up some of the precipitate, and with it, the DNA. Other methods of transfection include electroporation, heat shock, and proprietary transfection reagents such as Lipofectamine and Fugene.

Other methods use highly branched organic compounds, so-called dendrimers, to bind the DNA and get it into the cell. A very efficient method is the inclusion of the DNA to be transfected in liposomes, i.e. small, membrane-bounded bodies that are in some ways similar to the structure of a cell and can actually fuse with the cell membrane, releasing the DNA into the cell. For eukaryotic cells, lipid-cation based transfection is more typically used, because the cells are more sensitive.

A direct approach to transfection is the gene gun, where the DNA is coupled to a nanoparticle of an inert solid (commonly gold) which is then "shot" directly into the target cell's nucleus. DNA can also be introduced into cells using viruses as a carrier. In such cases, the technique is called viral transduction, and, the cells are said to be transduced.

For most applications of transfection, it is sufficient if the transfected gene is only transiently expressed. Since the DNA introduced in the transfection process is usually not inserted into the nuclear genome, the foreign DNA is lost at the later stage when the cells undergo mitosis. If it is desired that the transfected gene actually remains in the genome of the cell and its daughter cells, a stable transfection must occur.

To accomplish this, another gene is co-transfected, which gives the cell some selection advantage, such as resistance towards a certain toxin. Some (very few) of the transfected cells will, by chance, have inserted the foreign genetic material into their genome. If the toxin, towards which the co-transfected gene offers resistance, is then added to the cell culture, only those few cells with the foreign genes inserted into their genome will be able to proliferate, while other cells will die. After applying this selection pressure for some time, only the cells with a stable transfection remain and can be cultivated further.

A common agent for stable transfection is Geneticin, also known as G418, which is a toxin that can be neutralized by the product of the neomycin resistant gene.

1. ^ Bacchetti S, Graham F (1977). "Transfer of the gene for thymidine kinase to thymidine kinase-deficient human cells by purified herpes simplex viral DNA". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74 (4): 1590-4. PMID 193108. 

• Protofection

• Cell Transfection Protocol at biologicalworld.com
• MeSH Transfection
• Dictionary at eMedicine Transfection