Transforming growth factor beta superfamily

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large family of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983[1]. Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates and categorized into 23 distinct gene types that fall into four major subfamilies; the decapentaplegic-Vg-related (DVR) related subfamily (including the bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth differentiation factors), the activin/inhibin subfamily, the TGF-β subfamily and group encompassing various divergent members.[2] These molecules interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and generate intracellular signals using a conserved family of proteins called SMADs. They play fundamental roles in the regulation of basic biological processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system.[2]

  1. ^ Assoian R, Komoriya A, Meyers C, Miller D, Sporn M (1983). "Transforming growth factor-beta in human platelets. Identification of a major storage site, purification, and characterization". J Biol Chem 258 (11): 7155-60. PMID 6602130. 
  2. ^ a b Herpin A, Lelong C, Favrel P (2004). "Transforming growth factor-beta-related proteins: an ancestral and widespread superfamily of cytokines in metazoans". Dev Comp Immunol 28 (5): 461-85. PMID 15062644. 


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TGF beta signaling pathway

TGF beta superfamily of ligands:

Activin A and B - Anti-müllerian hormone - Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b, BMP10 , BMP15) - Growth differentiation factors (GDF1, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, GDF9, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15) - Inhibin A and B - Myostatin - Nodal - TGF beta family (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3)

Type II receptors:ACVR2A - ACVR2B - AMHR2 - BMPR2 - TGFBR2 - TGFBR3

Type I receptors: ACVR1A - ACVR1B - ACVR1C - ACVRL1 - BMPR1A - BMPR1B - TGFBR1

Signal transducers/SMAD: R-SMAD (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD5, SMAD9) - I-SMAD (SMAD6, SMAD7) - SMAD4

Ligand Inhibitors: Cerberus - Chordin - DAN - Decorin - Follistatin - Gremlin - Lefty - LTBP1 - Noggin - THBS1

Coreceptors:BAMBI - Cripto Other: SARA

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