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Travancore or Thiruvithaamkoor (Malayalam: തിരുവിതാങ്കൂര്‍ ("Thiru (respectful prefix which suggests either royal or divine) + idham (wish) koor (loyalty) in malayalam.)[Tiruvitāńkūr], തിരുവിതാംകൂര്‍ [Tiruvitāṃkūr], തിരുവിതാങ്കോട് [Tiruvitāńkoṭ]) was a princely state in India with its capital at Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). The state comprised most of south Kerala and the modern Nagercoil and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu and it had a 19-gun salute in the British Empire. Its flag was red with a silver dextrally coiled sacred conch shell (Turbinella pyrum Linnaeus). Travancore was merged with the other Malayalam-speaking state of Cochin on 1 July 1949 to form Travancore-Cochin, and later with the Malabar district of Madras State on 1 November 1956 to form the south Indian state of Kerala. The Last Maharajah was Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma and the last Dewan was PGN Unnithan.

Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Early history of the Region 2.2 Eighteenth century 2.2.1 Marthanda Varma 2.2.2 Dharma Raja 2.2.3 Balarama Varma 2.3 19th and early 20th Century 2.4 Postcolonial Travancore 2.5 Kulasekhara Dynasty - Rulers & Reigns 2.6 Dewans (Prime Ministers) of Travancore 3 References 4 External links

Travancore was located in Southern Kerala. According to the legend, Kerala was formed when Parasurama threw his axe into the sea. The rulers of this state were named Sree Padmanabhadasan- servant of the deity Padmanabha Swamy an aspect of Vishnu. The former kingdom's geography is defined by three natural terrains - a coastal area to the west, a midland in the centre and mountain peaks as high as 9,000 feet on the east

The region was ruled by the Ay Dynasty during the first Sangham age (circa 300 BC – 600 AD) and was the scene of many battles between the Kulashekaras and the Cholas during the second Sangham age (circa 850–1400 AD), when Vizhinjam, the capital, was sacked by the Cholas. Later the area was termed Venad, and the rulers were weak, facing external threats from Nayaks of Madurai, Nayak dynasty or facing internal rebellions from the powerful feudal land lords (Ettuveetil Pillamar and the Yogakaar).

The modern history of Travancore begins with Marthanda Varma who inherited the kingdom of Venad, and expanded it into Travancore during his reign 1729–1758. He signed a treaty with the British East India company and with their help destroy the power of the eight feudal land lords (Ettuveetil Pillamar) and the Ettara Yogam who supported the Thampi sons of the king Maharaja Rama Varma. In successive battles, he defeated and absorbed the kingdoms right up to Cochin including Attingal, Kollam, Kayamkulam, Kottarakara and Ambalapuzha. He succeeded in defeating the Dutch East India Company during the Travancore–Dutch war, the most decisive engagement of which was the Battle of Colachel (10 August 1741) in which the Dutch Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy was captured. On January 3, 1750 AD, (Makaram 5, 725 M.E.), he dedicated his kingdom to his tutelary deity Sri. Padmanabha of Trivandrum (the Trippadidaanam) and from then on the rulers of Travancore ruled the kingdom as the servants of Sri. Padmanabha (Padmnabhadasan). In 1753, the Dutch signed a peace treaty with the Maharajah. With the battle of Ambalapuzha (3 January 1754) in which he defeated the union of the deposed kings and the Raja of Cochin, Shivendu Verma crushed all opposition to his rule. In 1757 AD, a treaty was concluded between Travancore and Cochin, ensuring peace and stabilty on the Northern border. He organised the tax system and constructed many irrigation works. Admiral Eustachius De Lannoy, who was captured as a Prisoner of war in the famous Battle of Colachel was given appointment as the Senior Admiral (Valiya kappithan). He modernised the Travancore army by introducing firearms and artillery. He made the 'maravan pada' as his personal security guard and a special security force based on Colachel serving the Travancore kingdom. He introduced titles such as Chempaka Raman to honour the Lords and his relatives who had remained faithful to him during his problems with the Ettuveetil Pillamar. His able minister during his entire military career was Ramayyan Dalawa.

His successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma who was popularly known as Dharma Raja, shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram (see also Padmanabhapuram Palace) to Thiruvananthapuram. Rama Varma's period is considered as a golden age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor Marthanda Varma, but also improved and encouraged social developments. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, Raja Kesavadas Pillai, who was the Diwan of Travancore.

During his reign, Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore attacked Travancore in A.D.1791. The Travancore forces withstood the Sultan for 6 months, defeating him twice, and then the Maharajah appealed to the British East India Company for aid, starting a precedent which led to the installation of a British resident in the country. The British resident, Colonel Macaulay, managed to engage the ruler in treaties which effectively made the state a protectorate of the East India Company and ended its autonomy resulting finally in the revolt of Velu Thampi Dalawa. Tipu Sultan was defeated and he did not trouble Travancore anymore till his death in 1799 during the Fourth Mysore War. The Dharma Raja improved trade in the country. During his reign however the districts of Kalakkad and parts of Shencottah were annexed to Arcot.

On his death in 1798, Balarama Varma took over at the age of sixteen. During his reign Velu Thampi emerged as an able divan or minister. A mutiny of a section of the army in 1805 against Velu Thampi was put down by British troops, at his request. But the demands by the Company for the payment of compensation for their involvement in the 1791 Travancore-Mysore war led to enmity between the Diwan and the Resident. Velu Thampi and the minister of Cochin, Paliath Achan, organised an ill-fated revolt against the British in A.D.1809. The British defeated Velu Thampi at battles near Nagercoil and Kollam only after the Maharajah, who had till then refused to take any active open part in the fight, turned against Velu Thampi. Velu Thampi committed suicide to avoid capture by the British soldiers. Paliath Achan surrendered to the British and was exiled to Madras and later to Benaras. Interstingly after the mutiny of 1805 most of the Nair battalions of Travancore had been disarmed and disbanded and in 1810 the remaining forces were also disbanded after the rebellion of Velu Thampi.

Balarama Varma was succeeded by Rani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi in AD 1810–1815 with the blessings of the British. When a boy was born to her in 1813, the infant was declared the King, but the Rani continued to rule as the regent. On her death in 1815, Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi continued as regent. The regencies saw great progress in social issues and in education. Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma assumed the throne in 1829. He was a famous exponent of Carnatic and Hindustani music. He abolished many unnecessary taxes, and started an English school and a charity hospital in Trivandrum in 1834.

The next ruler Maharajah Utharadam Tirunal Marthanda Varma AD 1847–1860 abolished slavery in the kingdom in 1853, and restrictions on the dress codes of certain castes in 1859. He started the postal system in 1857 and a school for girls in 1859. He was succeeded by Ayilyam Thirunal AD 1860–1880, during whose rule, agriculture, irrigation works and road ways were promoted. Humane codes of law were enforced in 1861 and a college was established in 1866. He also built many charity hospitals including a lunatic asylum. Rama Varma Visakham Thirunal ruled from AD 1880–1885.

The reign of Sri Moolam Thirunal Sir Rama Varma AD 1885–1924 saw the establishment of many colleges and schools. When Jawaharlal Nehru visited the area in the 1920's, he remarked that the education was superior to British India. The medical system was reorganised and Legislative Council, the first of its kind in an Indian state, was established in 1888. The principle of election was established and women too were allowed to vote.

Sethu Lakshmi Bayi ruled as the regent from AD 1924–1931. She abolished animal sacrifice and replaced the matrilineal system of inheritance with the patrilineal one. She ended the Devdasi system in Temples and was commended by Mahatma Gandhi for spending almost 40% of state revenue on education.

The last ruler of Travancore was Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma AD 1931–1949. He made the temple entry proclamation on 12 November 1936, which opened all the Kshetrams (Hindu temples in Kerala) in Travancore to all Hindus, a privilege reserved to only the upper caste Hindus till then. This act won him praise from across India, most notably from Mahatma Gandhi. He also started the industrialisation of the state. His minister Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer was popular among the general public of Travancore. When the British decided to grant independence to India, the minister declared that Travancore would remain as an independent country. The tension between the Indian National Congress and the minister led to revolts in various places of the country. In one such revolt in Punnapara-Vayalar in AD 1946, the Communists established their own government in the area. This was brutally crushed by the Travancore army and navy leading to hundreds of deaths. This led to further disturbances and an attempt was made on the life of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer following which he resigned, to be succeeded by Sri PGN Unnithan. After this, the Maharajah agreed to join India and Travancore was absorbed into the Indian union.

The movement for the unification of the lands where Malayalam was spoken as the mother tongue took concrete shape at the State People's Conference held in Ernakulam in April 1928, and a resolution was passed therein calling for Aikya Kerala ("United Kerala"). On July 1, 1949 A.D., the State of Travancore-Cochin was established, with the Maharajah of Travancore as the Rajapramukh of the new State. A number of popular ministries were elected and fell and in A.D. 1954, the Travancore Tamilnadu Congress launched a campaign for the merger of the Tamil speaking regions of Southern Travancore with the neighbouring area of Madras. The agitation took a violent turn and some police and many local people were killed in the riots at Marthandam and Puthukkada, irrepairably alienating the entire Tamil speaking population from merger into Kerala. Under the State Reorganisation Act of 1956, the four southern taluks of Travancore, namely Tovala, Agasteeswaram, Kalkulam and Vilavancode and a part of the Chencotta Taluk was merged with Madras state. The State of Kerala came into existence on November 1, 1956 A.D. with a Governor, appointed by the President of India, as the head of the State instead of the Maharajah.

The Maharajah was stripped of all his ranks and privileges according to the twenty-sixth amendment of the Indian constitution act of July 31, 1971 A.D.[1] He died on July 19, 1991 A.D.

• 1. Rama Varma 1721-1729
• 2. Anizham Tirunal Marthanda Varma 1729–1758
• 3. Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (Dharma Raja) 1758-1798
• 4. Balarama Varma 1798-1810
• 5. Gowri Lakshmi Bayi 1810-1815 (Queen from 1810-1813 and Regent Queen from 1813-1815)
• 6. Gowri Parvati Bayi (Regent) 1815-1829
• 7. Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma 1829-1846
• 8. Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma 1846–1860
• 9. Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma 1860–1880
• 10. Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma 1880–1885
• 11. Sir Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma 1885–1924
• 12. Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (Regent) 1924–1931
• 13. Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma 1931–1949

• Ramayyan Dalawa
• Martanda Pillai
• Raja Kesavadas 1789-1798
• Odiery Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri 1798-1799
• Velu Thampi Dalawa 1799-1809
• Oommini Thampi 1809-1811
• Col. John Munroe 1811-1814
• Devan Padmanabhan 1814-1814
• Bappu Rao (Acting) 1814-1815
• Sanku Annavi Pillai 1815-1815
• Raman Menon 1815-1817
• Reddy Rao 1817-1821
• Vencatta Rao 1821-1830
• Subbarao 1830-
• Krishna Row
• T. Madava Row
• Seshayya Sastri
• Nanoo Pillai
• Ramiengar 1881-1887
• T. Rama Rao 1887-1891
• S. Shungrasoobyer 1892-1898
• K. Krishnaswamy Rao 1898-1904
• V.P. Madhava Rao 1904-1906
• P. Rajagopalachari 1906-1914
• Krishnan Nair 1914-1920
• M. E. Watts 1925-1928
• C. P. Ramaswami Iyer 1936-1947
• PGN Unnithan 1947-1947

• Travancore State Manual -T.K.Velu Pillai
• Genealogy of the Kulasekhara Dynasty of Travancore
• Another genealogy
• Venad and Kulasekharas
• Travancore Devaswom Board
• Prince Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma: Vocalist and Vainika, A direct decendent of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal
• Interview with Prince Rama Varma, Hindu April 2005
• A comprehensive website on Maharaja Swathi Thirunal
• Review of Swathi Sangeethotsavam (Music Festival) 2002
• Swathi Sangeethotsavam 2007