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Treaty of Wanghia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia (Traditional Chinese: 中美望廈條約; pinyin: Zhōng-Měi Wàngxià tiáoyuē) is the first diplomatic agreement between China and the United States in history, which was signed on 3 July 1844 in the Kun Iam Temple.
The temple is located in a village in northern Macau called Mongha or Wangxia (Traditional Chinese: 望廈; Simplified Chinese: 望厦; Pinyin: Wàngxià; Cantonese Yale: Mohng Hah, Mong6 Ha6) which is now a part of Our Lady of Fatima Parish.
The United States was represented by Caleb Cushing, a Massachusetts lawyer dispatched by President John Tyler under the pressures of American merchants concerned about the British dominance in Chinese trade. The Qing Empire was represented by Qiying, the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi.
It was modeled after the Treaty of Nanking between the UK and China, from which it differed chiefly by its greater detail and by granting U.S. citizens
- extraterritoriality, which meant that US citizens could only be tried by US consular officers;
- the right to buy land in the five treaty ports and erect churches and hospitals there to provide for Christian missionary activity; and
- the right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law which hitherto forbade foreigners to do so.
As a concession to China, Opium trade was explicitly declared illegal, and the U.S. agreed to hand over any offenders against that law to Chinese officials.
- Swisher, Earl, ed. China's Management of the American Barbarians; a Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents. New Haven, CT: Published for the Far Eastern Association by Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1953.
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