United States Ambassador to Pakistan

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Ryan C. Crocker, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan
Ryan C. Crocker, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan

In the 19th century the area of south Asia that is now Pakistan was ruled by the United Kingdom as part of the British Raj, which also included India. The area of the Raj was a collection of princely states, governed by Rajas under British rule since the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Since the late 19th century there had been agitation in the Indian subcontinent for independence from British colonial rule. The area of the Raj that is now Pakistan is chiefly Muslim, whereas the area that is now India is largely Hindu. Beginning in the 1930s the Muslims of what was to be Pakistan began to make demands for a separate state rather than join Hindu India as a minority province.

On August 15, 1947, the U.K. divided the Raj into two nations, India and Pakistan, and granted them independence. The Muslim-majority state of East Bengal, later to be Bangladesh, became part of Pakistan and later became known as East Pakistan.

Upon independence of Pakistan, the United States immediately recognized the new nation and moved to establish diplomatic relations. The U.S. embassy in Karachi was established August 15, 1947—independence day for Malawi—with with Edward W. Holmes as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim, pending the appointment of an ambassador. The first ambassador, Paul H. Alling, was appointed on September 20, 1947.

Contents

Diplomatic Terms

Career FSO: After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSO) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.

Political appointee: A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president; often to reward political friends.

Appointed: The date that the ambassador took the oath of office—also called “commissioning.” This follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a congressional-recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador must be later confirmed by the Senate.

Presented Credentials: The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador’s arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador’s letter, but this occurs only rarely.

Terminated mission: Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador’s commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.

Chargé d’affaires: The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country. See chargé d’affaires.

ad interim: For the time being; in the meantime. See ad interim.

  • Paul H. Alling – Career FSO[1]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: September 20, 1947
    • Presented credentials: February 26, 1948
    • Terminated mission: Left post June 27, 1948
  • H. Merle Cochran – Career FSO[2]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: March 4, 1949
    • Presented credentials:
    • Terminated mission:
  • Avra M. Warren – Career FSO[3]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: February 2, 1950
    • Presented credentials: February 25, 1950
    • Terminated mission: Left post November 26, 1952
  • John M. Cabot – Career FSO[4]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: September 17, 1952
    • Presented credentials:
    • Terminated mission:
  • Horace A. Hildreth – Political appointee[5]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: May 13, 1953
    • Presented credentials: May 19, 1953
    • Terminated mission: Left post May 1, 1957
  • James M. Langley – Political appointee
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: June 13, 1957
    • Presented credentials: July 27, 1957
    • Terminated mission: Left post July 29, 1959
  • William M. Rountree – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: June 18, 1959
    • Presented credentials: August 17, 1959
    • Terminated mission: Left post February 7, 1962
  • Note: The capital of Pakistan was moved to Islamabad in August 1960.
  • Walter P. McConaughy – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: March 1, 1962
    • Presented credentials: March 20, 1962
    • Terminated mission: Left post May 27, 1966
  • Eugene Murphy Locke – Political appointee
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: May 27, 1966
    • Presented credentials: June 9, 1966
    • Terminated mission: Left Pakistan, April 16, 1967
  • Benjamin H. Oehlert, Jr. – Political appointee
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: July 27, 1967
    • Presented credentials: August 16, 1967
    • Terminated mission: Left post June 17, 1969
  • Joseph S. Farland – Political appointee
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: September 19, 1969
    • Presented credentials: November 15, 1969
    • Terminated mission: Left post April 30, 1972
  • Note: The post was vacant May 1972–December 1973. Sidney Sober served as chargé d’affaires ad interim during that period
  • Henry A. Byroade – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: October 15, 1973
    • Presented credentials: December 5, 1973
    • Terminated mission: Left post April 23, 1977
  • George S. Vest – Career FSO[6]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed:
    • Presented credentials:
    • Terminated mission:
  • Arthur W. Hummel, Jr. – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: June 8, 1977
    • Presented credentials: June 28, 1977
    • Terminated mission: Left post July 19, 1981
  • Robert I. Spiers – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: October 1, 1981
    • Presented credentials: October 29, 1981
    • Terminated mission: Left post October 27, 1983
  • Deane Roesch Hinton – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: November 21, 1983
    • Presented credentials: December 26, 1983
    • Terminated mission: Left post November 9, 1986
  • Arnold Lewis Raphel – Career FSO[7]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: May 4, 1987
    • Presented credentials: June 24, 1987
    • Terminated mission: Died in office, August 17, 1988
  • Robert B. Oakley – Career FSO[8]
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: August 18, 1988
    • Presented credentials: September 1, 1988
    • Terminated mission: Left post August 29, 1991
  • Nicholas Platt – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: July 2, 1991
    • Presented credentials: October 24, 1991
    • Terminated mission: Left post November 3, 1992
  • John Cameron Monjo – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: October 9, 1992
    • Presented credentials: November 10, 1992
    • Terminated mission: Left post September 10, 1995
  • Thomas W. Simons – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: December 19, 1995
    • Presented credentials: January 25, 1996
    • Terminated mission: Left post August 24, 1998
  • William B. Milam – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: August 3, 1998
    • Presented credentials: September 10, 1998
    • Terminated mission: Left post July 6, 2001
  • Wendy Jean Chamberlin – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: July 12, 2001
    • Presented credentials: September 13, 2001
    • Terminated mission: Left post May 29, 2002
  • Nancy Jo Powell – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: August 2, 2002
    • Presented credentials: August 16, 2002
    • Terminated mission: Left post November 5, 2004
  • Ryan C. Crocker – Career FSO
    • Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
    • Appointed: October 18, 2004
    • Presented credentials: November 25, 2004
    • Terminated mission: Incumbent

  1. ^ Alling was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on December 9, 1947.
  2. ^ Cochran took the oath of office, but did not proceed to the post.
  3. ^ Avra was commissioned on December 28, 1949, during a recess of the Senate but did not serve under the recess appointment. He was nominated again, confirmed by the Senate, and commissioned on February 2, 1950.
  4. ^ Cabot was commissioned during a recess of the Senate but did not serve under this appointment.
  5. ^ Hildreth was reaccredited when Pakistan became a republic and formally received April 23, 1956.
  6. ^ Vest’s nomination was withdrawn May 5, 1977.
  7. ^ Raphel died on August 17, 1988 in an airplane crash near Bhawalpur with Pakistani President Zia ul-Haq and Brigadier General Herbert M. Wassom, chief of the U.S. military group in Pakistan.
  8. ^ Oakley was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on October 17, 1988.


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