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Vadim Viktorovich Rudnev (Russian: Вадим Викторович Руднев) (1874 – November 19, 1940) was a Russian politician and editor.

Vadim Rudnev studied medicine at Moscow University, but in 1902 was exiled to Siberia for his revolutionary activities. Amnestied in 1905 with other political prisoners, he became a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1907 he was arrested again; after four years in Siberia he moved to Switzerland to complete his medical education. At the outbreak of World War One, the SRs (like other revolutionary parties) split into "defensist" and antiwar groups; Rudnev, like his colleagues AA Argunov and ND Avksentiev, took the former position, in opposition to the party's leaders, Victor Chernov and Mark Natanson, and worked as a doctor on a hospital ship. During the February Revolution he was a leader of the Moscow branch of the party and edited its newspaper Trud, and in July he was chosen mayor of Moscow; he supported the policies of Alexander Kerensky. He opposed the October Revolution, and after the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly (of which he was a member) he fled south, first to Kiev, then the Caucasus, and finally Odessa. In April 1919 he left Russia.

Rudnev, like many Russian emigrés, moved to Paris, where along with his fellow SR Ilya Fondaminsky he founded Sovremennye zapiski [Contemporary Notes], which became the main literary journal of the Russian emigration (publishing, for instance, most of Nabokov's Russian-language work). Nina Berberova, in her memoirs, calls Rudnev "a very dear man" who did not understand literature. When the Germans captured Paris in World War Two, he moved to the south of France, where he died of cancer in Pau.

• Manfred Hildermeier. The Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party Before the First World War, 1978, 2000.
• Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917, 1990.
• Nina Berberova, The Italics Are Mine, 1969, rev. ed. 1991.

• Russian biography page