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Varāhamihira (Devanagari: वराहमिहिर; 505 – 587), also called Varaha, or Mihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain. Varahamihira is said to have been a Maga Brahmin. Varahamihira's picture may be found in the Indian Parliament alongside Aryabhata's, of whom he was a follower. He is considered to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary king Vikramaditya (thought to be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).

Contents 1 Works 1.1 Pancha-Siddhantika 1.2 Brihat-Samhita 2 Western influences 3 Some important trigonometric results attributed to Varahamihira 4 Notes 5 External links

Varahamihira's main work is the book Pañcasiddhāntikā (or Pancha-Siddhantika, "[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons) dated ca. 575 CE gives us information about older Indian texts which are now lost. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of native Indian as well as Hellenistic astronomy (including Greek, Egyptian and Roman elements).^[1]

The 11th century Arabian scholar Alberuni also described the details of "The Five Astronomical Canons":

"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:

• Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭa,
• Vasishtha-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed by Vishnucandra,
• Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
• Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire, composed by Śrīsheṇa.
• Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16 yojanas from the latter place."^[2]

Main article: Brihat-Samhita

Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita.

Varahamihira also made important contributions to mathematics. He was also an astrologer. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha astrology:

• Brihat Jataka - is considered as one the five main treatises on Hindu astrology on horoscopy.
• Daivaigya Vallabha
• Laghu Jataka
• Yoga Yatra
• Vivaha Patal
• His son Prithuyasas also contributed in the Hindu astrology; his book "Hora Saara" is a famous book on horoscopy.

The Romaka Siddhanta ("Doctrine of the Romans") and the Paulisa Siddhanta ("Doctrine of Paul") were two works of Western origin which influenced Varahamihira's thought.

A comment in the Brihat-Samhita by Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." ("mleccha hi yavanah tesu samyak shastram kdamsthitam/ rsivat te 'p i pujyante kim punar daivavid dvijah" (Brihat-Samhita 2.15)). The concept that Varahamihira was influenced by Greek was first introduced by European enthusiasts including G. Thibaut who attempted a translation and commentary of Panchasidhanthika with the help of Sudhakara dwivedi, and this book came out in 1889 (while Einstein was a child of 10). The yavana in Varahamihira includes a broad term, including the people of Romakapura and Kethumala (modern Guatemala, and central Americas) and Chethumal bay. The calculations he gives were unknown to Greeks or to the Europeans. He gives the rule of variable hypotenuse for theorising relativity principle and uses Fibonnacci series, Gregory/Neelkantha/Madhava series and the modern Euler's concept in his calculations and these can be traced up to the time of vedic mathematics. The keplers and Newtons law and the energy number of Einstein were known to him,^{[citation needed]} and all these are done with least complicated mathematics for common people and a very complex mathematics for the initiated one. The waterclock which he describes is totally different from the Greek water clock, and uses the principle of Archemedes^{[citation needed]} (before Archemedes was born). Dr Suvarna Nalapat has dealt with this book and its importance in her book, Rediscovery of India through Varahamihirante panchasidhanthika. (NBS Kottayam. first ed 1991 October, second ed 2000 January)

He not only presented his own observations, but embellished them in attractive poetic and metrical styles. The usage of a large variety of meters is especially evident in his Brihat Jataka and Brihat-Samhita.

1. ^ "the Pañca-siddhāntikā ("Five Treatises"), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. Varāhamihira's knowledge of Western astronomy was thorough. In 5 sections, his monumental work progresses through native Indian astronomy and culminates in 2 treatises on Western astronomy, showing calculations based on Greek and Alexandrian reckoning and even giving complete Ptolemaic mathematical charts and tables. Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) s.v.Varahamihira
2. ^ E. C. Sachau, Alberuni's India (1910), vol. I, p.153 [1]

• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Varahamihira". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  

v • d • e Indian mathematics
Mathematicians	Achyuta Pisharati · Apastamba · Aryabhata · Aryabhata II · Bhāskara I · Bhāskara II · Baudhayana · Brahmagupta · Jyesthadeva · Katyayana · Madhava · Mahavira · Manava · Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri · Nilakantha Somayaji · Parameshvara · Pingala · Sripati · Sridhara · Varahamihira · Virasena
Treatises	Aryabhatiya · Bakhshali manuscript · Paulisa Siddhanta · Paitamaha Siddhanta · Romaka Siddhanta · Surya Siddhanta · Śulba Sūtras · Vasishtha Siddhanta · Yavanajataka
Centers	Kerala
Influences	Babylonian mathematics · Greek Mathematics · Chinese mathematics
Influenced	Islamic mathematics · Chinese mathematics