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In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a column vector. Specifically, the vectorization of an m×n matrix A, denoted by vec(A), is the mn × 1 column vector obtain by stacking the columns of the matrix A on top of one another:

vec(A) = [a_1,1,...,a_m,1,a_1,2,...,a_m,2,...,a_1,n,...,a_m,n]^T

Here a_i,j represents the (i,j)-th element of matrix A and the superscript ^T denotes the transpose.

For example, for the 2×2 matrix A = , the vectorization is .

Contents 1 Compatibility with Kronecker products 2 Compatibility with Hadamard products 3 Compatibility with inner products 4 Half-vectorization 5 See also 6 References

The vectorization is frequently used together with the Kronecker product to express matrix multiplication as a linear transformation on matrices. In particular,

for matrices A, B, and C of compatible dimensions. For example, if ad_A(X) = AX − XA (the adjoint endomorphism of the Lie algebra gl(n,C) of all n×n matrices with complex entries), then vec(ad_A(X)) = (I A − A^T I) vec(X), where I is the n×n identity matrix.

There are two others useful formulations:

Vectorization is an algebra homomorphism from the space of n×n matrices with the Hadamard (entrywise) product to Cⁿ with its Hadamard product:

vec(A B) = vec(A) vec(B).

Vectorization is a unitary transformation from the space of n×n matrices with the Frobenius (or Hilbert-Schmidt) inner product to Cⁿ :

tr(A^* B) = vec(A)^* vec(B)

where the superscript ^* denotes the conjugate transpose.

For a symmetric matrix A, the vector vec(A) contains more information than is strictly necessary, since the matrix is completely determined by the symmetry together with the lower triangular portion, that is, the n(n+1)/2 entries on and below the main diagonal. For such matrices, the half-vectorization is sometimes more useful than the vectorization. The half-vectorization, vech(A), of a symmetric n×n matrix A is the n(n+1)/2 × 1 column vector obtained by vectorizing only the lower triangular part of A:

vech(A) = [ A_1,1, ..., A_m,1, A_2,2, ..., A_n,2, ..., A_n-1,n-1,A_n-1,n, A_n,n ]^T.

For example, for the 2×2 matrix A = , the half-vectorization is vech(A) = .

There exist unique matrices transforming the half-vectorization of a matrix to its vectorization and vice-versa called, respectively, the duplication matrix and the elimination matrix.

• Voigt notation
• Column-major order

• Jan R. Magnus and Heinz Neudecker (1999), Matrix Differential Calculus with Applications in Statistics and Econometrics, 2nd Ed., Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98633-X.
• Jan R. Magnus (1988), Linear Structures, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-85264-299-7.