Vlachs of Serbia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Timok Vlachs)
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Romanians of Serbia
Vlachs (Roumanians) of Serbia
Rumâni din Sârbie
Total population

50,000 (cens.) - 245,700 (est.)
Regions with significant populations
Serbia:
40,000
Bulgaria:
10,000
Language(s)
Vlach (Romanian)
Religion(s)

Predominantly Eastern Orthodox.

Vlachs (Vlach/Romanian: Rumâni, Serbian: Власи or Vlasi) are an ethnic group of Serbia, culturally and linguistically cognate to Romanians. There are between some of the Vlachs opposite views they should be regarded as Romanians or as members of distinctive nationality. In a romanian-jugoslav agreement from the 4. November 2002, the jugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia[1], but the agreement wasn't applied[2]. In April 2005, many deputies from the Council of Europe protested against Serbia's threatment of this population[3]. In March 2007, the vlach (romanian) organizations announced the intention to put on trial the serbian state.[4] In August 2007, they have been officially recognized as a national minority, and their language was recognized to be the Romanian.[5]

Vlachs mostly live in eastern Serbia, mainly in Timočka Krajina region (roughly corresponding to Bor and Zaječar districts), but also in Braničevo and Pomoravlje districts. Some Vlachs also live around Vidin in Bulgaria. Also a small Vlach population exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana (Podunavlje District), and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac (Rasina District), as well as in the South Banat District in Vojvodina.

Contents

Most Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox Christians by faith and they speak the Vlach (Romanian) language. The language spoken by one major group of Vlachs is similar to the Oltenian dialect spoken in Romania while that of the other major group is similar to the Romanian dialect of Banat.

The Serbian Vlachs belong to the Serbian Orthodox Church. However, by the canon of the Orthodox church, no other local Orthodox church is allowed to operate within its territory, unless agreed upon by the national church, as is the case in Vojvodina and Romania. The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across Serbia. Like other Balkan peoples, notably the Serbs, the Vlachs celebrate the praznic (slava), though its meaning is chtonic (related to the house and farmland) rather than familial.

Although the Vlachs of the Timočka Krajina are culturally and linguistically cognate to Romanians, their history since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century has significantly affected their political and cultural orientation towards the Serbian state and church.

Vlachs are divided into many groups, each speaking their own variant:

Of these, the Ungureni of Homolje are related to the Romanians of Banat and Transylvania, since Ungureni (compare with the word "Hungarians") is a term used by the Romanians of Wallachia to describe their kin who once lived in provinces formerly part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The connection is evident in the similarities of dialectal phonology and folk music motifs as well as in sayings such as "Ducă-se pe Mureş" (May the Mureş take it away), a reference to the Transylvanian river.

The Ţărani of the Bor, Negotin and Zaječar regions are closer to Oltenia (Lesser Walachia) in their speech and music. The Ţăran saying "Nu dau un leu pe el" (He's not worth even a leu). Some serbian historians say that it can possibly show their Romanian origin since the leu is a Romanian monetary unit. But the "leu" is the currency in Romania only after 1867. So, this speech shows a possible trade connections between Ţărani and the population of Romania that lives just across the Danube river. There has been considerable intermixing between the Ungureni and Ţărani so that a dialect has evolved sharing peculiarities of both regions.

The Bufani are immigrants from Lesser Walachia (Oltenia).

There is also a population of vlachophone (Vlach speaking) Roma centered around the village of Lukovo, as well as a few Aromanian families who live in Knjaževac, but they form a tiny migrant group.

The romanian ethnogenesis
The romanian ethnogenesis

The origins of the Vlachs/Romanians of northeast Serbia are not well known to most Vlachs, principally because nothing is taught about the subject in Serbian schools.

As Romance-speakers the Vlachs can relate to the Roman ruins (forts, roads, palaces, graves, baths, aqueducts, mines, half-buried cities, etc ) that are scattered in NE Serbia, as indeed they are throughout the entire Balkan Peninsula. Following Roman withdrawal from Dacia in the third century, much of what is now Serbia and Bulgaria was renamed Dacia Aureliana, and an undetermined number of Romanized Dacians was settled there. Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century.

The Vlach region of NE Serbia was part of the 12th-13th century Bulgaro-Vlach empire of the Assens, who were themselves Vlach. The chroniclers of the Crusaders describe meeting with Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of what is now Serbia. Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including Tsar Dushan's famous prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs. Fourteenth and fifteenth century Romanian (Valachian) rulers built churches in NE Serbia. Fifteenth century Turkish tax records (defters) list Vlachs in the region of Branicevo in NE Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium of Viminacium. The 16th-17th century warlord Baba Novac (Starina Novak), who served as Michael the Brave's general, was born in NE Serbia. Thus the modern descendants of all these people can be held to originate south of the Danube.

Starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia. These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani), Munteni (Munćani) and Bufeni (Bufani). Today their descendants form about three quarters of the Vlach population. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in Oltenia, also settled south of the Danube. These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. The very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Ţara Româneasca, i.e., The Romanian Land. It should be noted that from the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Rumania, respectively, in the second half of the 19th century.

The lack of records and the linguistic effects of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. However it is likely that they are in the minority. The Vlachs of NE Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria.

Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean
Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean

Historically speaking the Vlachs were the Romanized population of the Balkans that was encountered by the Slavs when they migrated here during the 6th through 8th centuries. The Vlachs were not Romans in the classical Roman Republic sense, but, since 212AD, they were full citizens of the Roman Empire, as were all other freemen throughout the empire.

Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War, by Paul Vidal de la Blache.
Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War, by Paul Vidal de la Blache.

The people later known as Vlachs never used that term for themselves. They called themselves Romans. That name is preserved in the modern self designation of the Romansh in Switzerland (Rumantsch), the Romanians (Români or Rumâni), Aromanians (Armâni) and Istro-Romanians (Rămâri or Rumâri). Moreover the eastern Roman Empire which eventually became linguistically and culturally Greek never called itself Byzantine, but Romania. The Byzantines also said they were Romans: Romaioi. In fact no one ever used the term “Byzantine Empire” until the 16th century, well after its demise. Others have aspired to be heirs to the Roman Empire: Charlemagne arranged to be crowned in Rome, the Germans wanted to be the Holy Roman Empire, Americans often wonder if they are the modern Rome. Even the imperial Russians said they were the third (and last) Rome.

Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Vlachs highlighted
Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Vlachs highlighted

There is little reason to doubt that during the 7 centuries of life in the Roman Empire, most of the Balkan population was Romanized, a process that was completed with the ascension of Christianity as the state religion during the 4th century. The people later known as Vlachs had been Christianized two centuries before the arrival of the Slavs. The only known exceptions to Romanization in the Balkans were the Greeks and the ancestors of modern Albanians. The Greeks managed that by the strength of their culture, the Albanians by their physical isolation.

Latin speakers lived everywhere in the Balkans, especially north of the so called Jirecek Line that runs approximately from Durres in Albania to the central Bulgarian coast on the Black Sea. The Latin they spoke was not Cicero's, but Vulgate, i.e., Vulgar Latin, i.e., the common folk's Latin. That was true in Spain, France, and Italy as much as in the Balkans, though in time dialectal differences emerged and became increasingly pronounced. South of the Jirecek Line the Greek language prevailed.

During the Roman Empire the ancestors of those later known as Vlachs were people of all occupations. They were by no means isolated shepherds. The strongest argument for this is the very language they spoke when they met the Slavs. Had they been the descendants of mountain tribesmen from some inaccessible corner, they would not have been speaking Latin.

The ancestors of the Vlachs were the survivors of the destruction of Roman power and society in the Balkans under the onslaught of the Huns and Avars that prepared the way for peaceful migration by the Slavs. They were people from cities like Aemona (Ljubljana), Siscia (Sisak), Sirmium (Sremski Karlovci), Singidunum (Belgrade), Viminacium (near Pozarevac), Serdica (Sofia), Naissus (Nis), Remesiana (Bela Palanka), Ulpiana (Lipljan in Kosovo), Scupi (Skopje), Adrianopolis (Edirne), etc., as well as the surrounding countryside.

If recent DNA studies are correct, the migrating Slavic speakers were in the minority. The Romanized Balkan population, in other words the Vlachs, were in the majority. How this Slavic minority managed to impose their language (but not their culture, religion or technology) on a Vlach majority remains a mystery. Clearly the process lasted centuries.

The 9th century designation by the Orthodox Patriarch in Constantinople of Slavonic as a language of religious ritual, teaching, and administration doubtless played an enormous role in the later assimilation of the Vlachs. Recall that initially Cyril and Methodius, carrying their Slavonic Bible and alphabet, were sent as missionaries to distant Moravia, not to the Balkans, although there certainly were groups of Slavs present around Thessaloniki and elsewhere in the Balkans.

The acceptance of Slavonic by the Vlachs first happened in the river valleys, the regions with arable land, even in the cities where life and civilization had continued uninterrupted by the Avars.

The last Vlachs to accept a Slavic tongue were those that had lived for centuries in relative isolation at the periphery of medieval society: the shepherds and the cattlemen. That is how the term Vlach, which initially meant ‘speaker of Latin(ate)’, came to mean shepherd / cattleman.

The Balkans of the Middle Ages were sparsely populated. There were vast forests and grasslands that were only nominally under the control of the ruler and the nobility. Vlach pastoralists who practiced transhumance were able to live and move through these vast lands relatively unmolested by central authority. Their obligations to the nobility were much smaller than those of the Slavic speaking agriculturalists, most of whose ancestors, according to DNA studies, also had at one time been Latin speakers, i.e., Vlachs.

Dushan’s prohibition of a land-bound serf (i.e., Serb man) from marrying a Vlach woman testifies to the desire of the agriculturalists to ease their oppression by returning to the relatively freer life led by the Vlachs.

Settlements inhabited by Romanians (Vlachs) before WW1
Settlements inhabited by Romanians (Vlachs) before WW1
Area inhabited by Vlachs (Romanians) in 2004 according to Romanian organizations
Area inhabited by Vlachs (Romanians) in 2004 according to Romanian organizations

In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language. [6] The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as an minority, like the Romanians of Serbia, which number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of the people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs.

The following numbers reflect on the possible number of Vlachs in the censuses:

  • 1816: 97,215 Romanians (10% of Serbia's population.) [7]
  • 1856: 104,343 Romanians [8]
  • 1859: 122,593 Romanians
  • 1866: 127,545 Romanians (10,5 % of Serbia's population)[9]
  • 1884: 149,713 Romanians
  • 1890: 143,684 Romanians
  • 1895: 159,000 Romanians (6,4 % of Serbia's population)[10]
  • 1921: 159,549 Romanian-speakers in Serbia (Vojvodina is not included)[11]
  • 1931: 57,000 Romanian/Vlach/Cincar speakers were recorded in Eastern Serbia (52,635 in the Morava Banovina and the rest in southern parts of Danube Banovina south of the Danube)[citation needed]
  • 1953: 198,793 Vlach-speakers in central Serbia (169,670 declared as Serbs, 29,000 as Vlachs)[citation needed]
  • 1961: 1,330 Vlachs
  • 1981: 135,000 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figure given for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) [12]
  • 1991: 71,536 Vlach-speakers in Serbia (of those 53,721 Serbs, 16,539 Vlachs, 42 Romanians; out of the 17,807 declared Vlachs, 677 Serbo-Croat-speakers)[citation needed]
  • 2002: 40,054 declared Vlachs, 54,818 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for entire Serbia) or 39,953 declared Vlachs, 54,726 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for Central Serbia only)[6]

The Vlach (Romanian) population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region limited by Morava River (west), Danube River (north) and Timok River (south-east).

By some Romanian and Western European organizations, in eastern Serbia live around 250,000 - 400,000 [13][14]people of Romanian(vlach) origin.

Official numbers of declared Vlachs (2002 census):

Settlements in Central Serbia with a Vlach majority or plurality are (2002 census data):

Vlachs also live in other places with majority Serb or mixed Serb/Vlach population, such as the Zaječar, Negotin, Bor, Kladovo, Majdanpek, Požarevac, Smederevo, Velika Plana, Jabukovac, etc.

The term "Vlach" is the English transcription of the Serbian term used to describe this group (Vlasi), while "Roumanians" or "Romanians" is the English transcription of its Romanian counterpart (român/rumân). [15][16]

Despite their recognition as a separate ethnic group by the Serbian government, Vlachs are cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense. Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. Additionally, the Movement of Romanians-Vlachs in Serbia, which represents some Vlachs, has called for the recognition of the Vlachs as a Romanian national minority, giving them similar rights to the Romanians of Vojvodina. However most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia opt either for the Vlach, or Serb identity rather than the Romanian one. [6]

Romania has given modest financial support to the Vlachs for the preservation of their culture and language, since at present the Vlachs' language is not recognized officially in any localities where they form a majority, there is no education in their mother tongue and there is no media or education funded by the Serbian state. Also there are no church services in Vlach. Until very recently in the regions populated by Vlachs church policy opposed the giving of non-Serbian baptismal names.

Family names of Vlachs either are or sound Serbian because from the late 19th century up to the 1918 there was an edict that all citizens of Serbia should have last names ending in -ić, the base of the name usually coming from the then father's name: Nikolić, Marković, Radulović. There are a few notable exceptions where the Vlach / Romanian origin is evident, as in Jepurović (from iepure, meaning rabbit), Florić (from floare, meaning flower) or Stangačilović (from stângaci, meaning left-handed).

On the other hand, some Vlachs consider themselves to be simply Serbs that speak the Vlach language. In fact ethnic research has found[citation needed] that among the Serb-speaking population of Eastern Serbia, some are Slavicized Vlachs and some Vlach-speakers were formerly Slavs (such as in the village of Šljivar near Zaječar and the village of Slatina near Bor, where Serbs had been assimilated as Vlachs for centuries) or even Roma (such as in Lukovo). Most Vlachs do not see themselves as ethnic Romanians, because, while culturally and linguistically cognate to Romanians, they have lived in Serbia for generations and hence do not identify with the Romanian state, but rather see themselves as a distinct Eastern Romance people.[citation needed]

Many of those Vlachs who see themselves as Serbs were historically hard-line Serbian nationalists, and many fought as volunteers on the Serbian side in the wars in Krajina and Bosnia, together with Serbs from those regions whom they saw as religious and ethnic brethren. One of the reasons why Vlachs consider Serbs to be their ethnic brethren is because many Serbs have Vlach origin. The Serbian Orthodox Church has played a large role in this.[citation needed] In addition, during the Ottoman rule, Serbs migrated from the valleys to the mountains where they mixed with the Vlach population; thus, many present-day Serbs and Vlachs have both Slavic and Vlach ancestry.

Vlach is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in Southeastern Europe, including Romanians. In more recent usage, it is a synonym for Latin peoples south of the Danube, hence excluding Romanians. The old meaning is the origin for the modern Vlach ethnic identity, since Vlachs see themselves as descendants of those ancient Vlach peoples, and rather see Romanians as a subgroup of the Vlachs than Vlachs as a subgroup of Romanians. From the Vlach point of view, Romanians are those Vlachs who created their state of Romania and succeeded in gaining world acceptance for their own name for themselves, rather than the exonym term Vlach. In their own language Vlachs never use the term Vlach, but Rumân. They call their language română, [17] but sometimes also rumâneşce/româneşte.[citation needed]

In some notes of the government of Serbia, officials recognise that "certainly members of this population have similar characteristics with Romanians, and the language and folklore ride to their Romanian origin. The representants of the Vlach minority sustain their Romanian origin. "[18]

Possibly the best known Vlach from eastern Serbia is Zoran Lilić, who was the president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1993 and 1997.

  1. ^ Adevărul, 6 Noiembrie 2002: Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit.
  2. ^ Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003: Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.
  3. ^ Parlamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005: Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches
  4. ^ Gardianul, 21 March 2007: Romanii timoceni din Serbia dau in judecata Guvernul de la Belgrad
  5. ^ România Liberă, 16 August 2007: Romanii din Valea Timocului, cunoscuti drept vlahi, au obtinut recunoasterea statutului de minoritate nationala. Decizia guvernului de la Belgrad inseamna, printre altele, ca limba romana ar putea fi predata in premiera in scolile din Serbia unde romanii timoceni sunt majoritari, transmite BBC, preluat de Rompres.
  6. ^ a b c (Serbian) Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by ethnic groupsPDF (477 KiB), p. 2 and Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by languagePDF (441 KiB), p. 12
  7. ^ (Romanian) V. Arion; Vasile Pârvan; G. Vâlsan; Pericle Papahagi; G. Bogdan-Duică. România şi popoarele balcanice (1913). Tipografia Românească. Bucureşti, p. 22
  8. ^ Guillaume Lejean, Ethnographie de la Turquie d'Europe, Gotha. Justus Perthes 1861
  9. ^ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas (Leipzig und Bielefeld, 1882): 1866 zählte man 1.058.189 Serben, 127.545 Rumänen, 24.607 Zigeuner, 2589 Deutsche und 3256 andere.
  10. ^ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas 1902: Fast die ganze Bevölkerung, über 2 Mill, besteht aus Serben, außerdem gab es, nach der Zählung von 1895, 159.000 Rumänen und 46.000 Zigeuner
  11. ^ Official results of the 1921 census from Serbia
  12. ^ (Serbian) Ranko Bugarski, Jezici, Beograd, 1996.
  13. ^ Gardianul, 27 Mar 2007
  14. ^ Deutsche Welle, 23.4.2003
  15. ^ Ziua.net
  16. ^ Interview with Predrag Balašević, president of the Romanian/Vlach Democratic Party of Serbia: "We all know that we call ourselves in Romanian Romanians and in Serbian Vlachs."
  17. ^ Website of the Federaţia Rumânilor din Serbie
  18. ^ All about Romanians in Timoc, published 31 May 2005

v • d • e
Ethnic groups of Serbia
General Demographic history of Serbia
Bosniaks · Ethnic Muslims · Jews · Montenegrins · Roma · Romanians · Serbs · Vlachs
Vojvodina Demographic history of Vojvodina
Banat Bulgarians · Bunjevci · Croats · Danube Swabians (Banat Swabians) · Hungarians · Montenegrins · Pannonian Rusyns · Roma · Romanians · Serbs · Slovaks · Šokci · Székelys
Kosovo Demographic history of Kosovo
Albanians · Ashkali · Egyptians · Gorani · Janjevci · Montenegrins · Serbs · Turks
v • d • e
Ethnic groups in Bulgaria Flag of Bulgaria
Bulgarians (6,655,210)  · Turks (746,664)  · Roma (370,908)  · Russians (15,595)  · Armenians (10,832)  · Vlachs (10,566)  · ethnic Macedonians (5,071)
Greeks (3,408)  · Ukrainians (2,489)  · Jews (1,363)  · Romanians (1,088)  · Germans (436)  · Czechs and Slovaks  · Crimean Tatars

(according to 2001 census data)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia"
Advanced Search
Included Web Search Engines


Safe Search

close

Top Matching Results

Occasionally Search.com will highlight specialized results that are based on the context of your query. Examples of specialized results include specific links to news, images, or video.

Top Matching Results may highlight information from other Search.com pages, content from the CNET Network of sites, or third party content. The listings are based purely on relevance. Search.com does not receive payment for listings in this section but our partners that provide this data may get paid for listing these products.

Sponsored Links

This section contains paid listings which have been purchased by companies that want to have their sites appear for specific search terms and related content. These listings are administered, sorted and maintained by a third party and are not endorsed by Search.com.

Search Results

Search.com sends your search query to several search engines at one time and integrates the results into one list which has been sorted by relevance using Search.com's proprietary algorithm. You can customize the list of search engines included in your metasearch from the preferences.

The search engines that are used in your metasearch may allow companies to pay to have their Web sites included within the results. To view the Paid Inclusion policy for a specific search engine, please visit their Web site. Search.com does not accept payment or share revenue with any search engine partner for listings in this section.