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Weather control is the act of manipulating or altering certain aspects of the environment to produce desirable changes in weather.

Contents 1 Feasibility 2 History of weather control 3 Cloud seeding for rain 4 Storm prevention 5 Ionospheric experiments 6 Weather control and law 6.1 1977 Environmental Modification Convention 6.2 2005 U.S. Senate Bill 517 and U.S. House Bill 2995 7 Future aspirations 8 Weather control in popular culture 8.1 Film and television 8.1.1 Star Trek 8.1.2 Other films or shows 8.2 Computer games 8.3 Prose 8.4 Music 8.5 Other fictional weather controllers 8.6 Conspiracy theories 9 See also 10 References 11 External articles and further reading 11.1 General information 12 Patents

Most weather phenomena are fed by massive amounts of solar energy (collected by the earth's surface and atmosphere) and take place in very large volumes of air. Direct manipulation of the weather by humans is in most cases not feasible, simply due to the huge amount of energy that would be required. It is generally quite feasible to control "weather" on much smaller scales. Indoor systems that modify temperature, humidity, and particulate counts are known as climate control.

Some human activities are known to have an effect on the weather outdoors, because they cause physical changes to wide areas, changing the shape of natural flows of energy and material. Large-scale, long time-period effects are generally known as climate change. For example, global economic activity producing carbon dioxide and other gases has been found to contribute to global warming, while the emission of particulate matter tends to have a cooling effect (and for example lead to historical concerns about global cooling).

Unsustainable farming techniques contribute to desertification in many areas around the world, and historical events such as the Dust Bowl in the United States. Deforestation can also affect the local water cycle. The release of large amounts of soot or dust particles into the atmosphere causes cooler surface temperatures. Locally, this is believed to have occurred near oil fires in Kuwait after the Gulf War, and that a catastrophic global cooling would occur due to atmospheric pollution after a major nuclear war - see nuclear winter.

It is also sometimes possible to influence weather-related events where only a slight change is needed to change the outcome. For example, citrus farmers often try to prevent frost damage to their crops by packing them in insulating plant material, by spraying them with water, or by using a Selective Inverted Sink. Only a small difference in surface temperature is needed to prevent frost, if the feared cold snap is relatively mild.

Some American Indians had rituals which they believed could induce rain. The Finnish people, on the other hand, were believed by others to be able to control weather. As a result, Vikings refused to take Finns on their oceangoing raids. Remnants of this superstition lasted into the twentieth century, with some ship crews being reluctant to accept Finnish sailors. The early modern era saw people observe that during battles the firing of cannons and other firearms often initiated precipitation.

Magical and religious practices to control the weather are attested in a variety of cultures. In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was sacrificed as a human sacrifice to appease the wrath of the goddess Artemis, who had caused the Achaean fleet to be becalmed at Aulis at the beginning of the Trojan War. In Homer's Odyssey, Aeolus, keeper of the winds, bestowed Odysseus and his crew with a gift of the four winds in a bag. However, the sailors open the bag while Odysseus slept, looking for booty, and as a result are blown off course by the resulting gale.^[1] In ancient Rome, the lapis manalis was a sacred stone kept outside the walls of Rome in a temple of Mars. When Rome suffered from drought, the stone was dragged into the city.^[2]

The Berwick witches of Scotland were found guilty of using black magic to summon storms to murder King James VI of Scotland by seeking to sink the ship upon which he travelled.^[3] Scandinavian witches allegedly claimed to sell the wind in bags or magically confined into wooden staves; they sold the bags to seamen who could release them when becalmed.^[4] In various towns of Navarre, prayers petitioned Saint Peter to grant rain in time of drought. If the rain was not forthcoming, the statue of St Peter was removed from the church and tossed into a river.^[5]

Perhaps the first example of practical weather control is the lightning rod. In the 1950s, computer scientist John von Neumann, an early theorizer on weather control, surmised that if Earth were to enter another Ice Age, a preventative solution would be to dump dirt (or spray soot from cropdusting planes) on the surface of the planet's glaciers. He noted that this would significantly change their reflectivity (albedo), and thus increase the solar energy retained by the planet. Such a strategy would require repeated applications, as storms would cover some portion of the soot with new snow until their frequency and range abated. The theoretical efficacy of von Neumann's proposal remains to be examined. Wilhelm Reich performed cloudbusting experiments in the 1950s to 1960s, the results of which are controversial.

Cloud seeding is a common technique intended to trigger rain, but evidence on its effectiveness is mixed. Critics generally contend that claimed successes occur in conditions which were going to rain anyway. It is used in several different countries, including the United States, the People's Republic of China, and Russia. In the People's Republic of China there is actually a perceived dependency upon it in dry regions, which believe they are actually increasing annual rainfall by firing silver iodide rockets into the sky where rain is desired. In the United States, dry ice or silver iodide may be injected into a cloud by aircraft, or even from the ground, in an attempt to increase rainfall; there are even companies dedicated to this form of weather modification.

Project Stormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft into storms and seeding the eyewall with silver iodide. The project was run by the United States Government from 1962 to 1983. A similar project using soot was run in 1958, with inconclusive results.^[6] Various methods have been proposed to reduce the harmful effects of hurricanes. Moshe Alamaro of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology^[7] proposed using barges with upward-pointing jet engines to trigger smaller storms to disrupt the progress of an incoming hurricane; critics doubt the jets would be powerful enough to make any noticeable difference.^[6]

Alexandre Chorin of the University of California at Berkeley proposed dropping large amounts of environmentally friendly oils on the sea surface to prevent droplet formation.^[8] Experiments by Kerry Emanuel^[9] of MIT in 2002 suggested that hurricane-force winds would disrupt the oil slick, making it ineffective.^[10] Other scientists disputed the factual basis of the theoretical mechanism assumed by this approach.^[11] The Florida company Dyn-O-Mat proposes the use of a product it has developed, called Dyn-O-Gel, to reduce the strength of hurricanes. The substance is a powder which reportedly has the ability to absorb 1,500 times its own weight in water. The theory is that it is dropped into clouds to remove their moisture. When the gel reaches the ocean surface, it is reportedly dissolved. The company has tested the substance on a thunderstorm, but there has not been any scientific consensus established as to its effectiveness.^[12] Hail cannons are used by some farmers in an attempt to ward off hail, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to confirm or deny their effectiveness. Another new anti-hurricane technology [1] is a method for the reduction of tropical cyclones’ destructive force - pumping sea water and diffused in the wind at the bottom of such tropical cyclone in its eyewall.

HIPAS has several diverse experimental facilities: a 1-megawatt rf transmitter to produce ELF/VLF (Extremely Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency) electromagnetic (EM) generation by the absorption of radio frequency (rf) power in the arctic ionosphere including ion cyclotron excitation; a 100 kW rf plasma torch used in research on the destruction of hazardous waste; a 2.7 m liquid mirror telescope used with one of several lasers for ionospheric stimulation and measurement; an Incoherent Scatter Radar (a new project using 88 ft. diameter antenna at NOAA Gilmore Creek site 34 km SW of HIPAS as the receiving antenna with the transmitter at HIPAS). HIPAS is in the process of adding a very high power (terawatt) laser (recently obtained from LLNL) to perform laser breakdown experiments in the ionosphere. Two Diesel electric generators (1500 HP 4160 V, 3-phase, 1.2 MVA each) are used to power the experiments. There are a number of computers (PC's ) on site, and a high-speed data line to UAF is available. While these experiments are useful in measuring the properties of the ionosphere, they produce insufficient amounts of energy to modify it in any significant way.

Weather control, as well as "weather tampering", are expressly forbidden dating from at least December 10, 1976, when the "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72, TIAS 9614 Convention^[13] on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques" was adopted. The Convention was: Signed in Geneva May 18, 1977; Entered into force October 5, 1978; Ratification by U.S. President December 13, 1979; U.S. ratification deposited at New York January 17, 1980.^[14]

U.S. Senate Bill 517^[15] and U.S. House Bill 2995^[16] were two laws proposed in 2005 that would have allowed experimental weather modification by artificial methods, established a Weather Modification Operations and Research Board, and implemented a national weather modification policy. Neither ever became law.

Climatologist Ross Hoffman has simulated hurricane control based on selective heating and cooling (or prevention of evaporation).^[17] Futurist John Smart has discussed the potential for weather control via space-based solar power networks. One proposal involves the gentle heating via microwave of portions of large hurricanes. Such chaotic systems may be susceptible to "side steering" with a few degrees of increased temperature/pressure at critical points. A sufficient network might keep the largest and most potentially damaging hurricanes from landfall, at the request of host nations. Blizzards, monsoons, and other extreme weather are also potential candidates for space-based amelioration.^{[citations needed]} If large-scale weather control were to become feasible, potential risks include:

• Unintended side effects, especially given the chaotic nature of weather development
• Damage to existing ecosystems
• Health risks to humans
• Equipment malfunction or accidents
• Non-democratic control or use as a weapon

In popular culture, weather control technology can be encountered in the realms of public speculation, science fiction, and fantasy. The concept of weather control is often portrayed as a part of terraforming.

• In the Star Trek universe, most advanced planets and colonies utilise weather control, often referred to as weather modification grids or weather modification nets. A small, but long-established TNG-era (ca 2369) colony was a weather control facility for approximately a hundred years. Most advanced civilizations apparently employ weather control standard equipment.
• Weather control technology in 2270s required special facilities, modern TNG- and DS9-era technology consists of multiple mid-size devices positioned strategically, networked and controlled from more-or-less arbitrary places.
• For example, the planet Risa has its climate controlled to be a tropical paradise. Perhaps one of the few modern exceptions of planets apparently without weather control technology is Ferenginar with continuous rain. (It could be the weather control is set for never ending rain, or is expensive to maintain.)

• In the live action Justice League of America film, the villain is a terrorist who has a weather control device.
• In Aliens, a colony sent to LV-426 by the Company utilized a fusion-powered terraforming atmosphere processor. In the first film, the planet's climate was not yet suitable for human life.
• In the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series, the episode "Hot Rodding Teenagers from Dimension X" includes Stone Warriors using a "weather satellite", with one difference: while other weather satellite gives weather prognosis, this one "makes weather". The "weather satellite" creates a storm to level New York City, but the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles destroy it. The episode "Take Me to Your Leader" of the same series include Krang and the Shredder using a machine to reduce the Sun, creating cold weather on the Earth.
• Storm (played by Halle Berry), a member of the X-Men, can control the weather.
• In Back to the Future Part II, weather control is possible by the year 2015.
• In Superman III, Gus Gorman (Richard Pryor) changes the weather by hacking into a weather satellite.
• In a Family Guy episode, Stewie builds a machine that can control the weather using only a satellite dish and a See 'n Say
• In the film The Avengers Sir August de Wynter (Sean Connery) creates a satellite capable of controlling the weather.
• Our Man Flint is a 1966 sci-fi action film which stars James Coburn as Derek Flint where a trio of mad scientists attempt to blackmail the world with a weather-control machine.
• Kaijûtô no kessen: Gojira no musuko is a 1967 film from Japan. Scientists, on a tropical island, conduct weather control experiments then encounter gigantic praying mantises and a giant spider that attack the son of Godzilla. Godzilla arrives and saves his offspring.
• The cartoon miniseries G.I. Joe: The Revenge of Cobra, showed the terrorist group Cobra in possession of a device called the Weather Dominator.

• In Master Of Orion, it is possible to build a weather control building to change the planet's environment.
• In Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, the Allies can build the weather controller device superweapon, and direct thunderstorms to strike a selected location of the map every 10 game minutes.
• In Phantasy Star II, a weather, irrigation and dam control system known as Climatrol has been constructed by Mother Brain to make the barren planet Motavia habitable for Palman occupation.
• In the forthcoming game Spore by Will Wright, players will be able to use a spacecraft to modify planetary atmospheres - creating volcanoes to generate carbon dioxide, seeding plant life to create breathable air, or even using a "Genesis device" to make a planet habitable in one go.

• Ben Bova's "The Weathermakers" is the story of a government agency that controls the weather.
• Sydney Sheldon's "Are You Afraid of the Dark" is the story of a think tank that builds technology powerful enough to create hurricanes, tornados, and tsunamis.
• In Michael Crichton's "State of Fear," ecoterrorists plan to create a tsunami, calve an iceberg, and induce flash flooding and hurricanes.
• In Lois Lowry's "The Giver," the government controls the weather and keeps it from snowing, and confine rain to the farmland.
• In the book series Weather Warden by Rachel Caine, the Wardens are an association of people who control the elements - earth, fire and weather. They manipulate the weather to stop hurricanes and tornados destroying the world. The weather is manipulated throughout all 4 books, based in the United States, and a massive hurricane flattens Florida in the latest book.
• In Roger Zelazny's The Chronicles of Amber an openly known quality of the Jewel of Judgment is the ability to control the local weather.
• In Frank Herbert's Dune series, weather control is widespread, and is achieved with specialized satellites in orbit around a planet.

• cloudbusting by Kate Bush

• DC Comics villain Weather Wizard could control the weather with a special kind of technology in the shape of a wand.
• Marvel Comics heroes Thor and Storm could control weather; the former because he is the Norse god of thunder, the latter because she is a mutant whose powers specifically center around weather control.
• Digimon character Wizardmon could manipulate thunderstorms.
• When the Muppet Count von Count of Sesame Street laughs, it often invokes thunder.
• In some of the Asterix comics, when the village bard Cacofonix sings, it starts to rain.

Conspiracy theorists have suggested that certain governments use or seek to use weather control as a weapon (eg via HAARP and/or chemtrails), but such allegations have not been proven. At a counterterrorism conference in 1997, United States Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to the writings of futurist Alvin Toffler, specifically regarding concerns about "eco-terrorism" and intentionally caused natural disasters.^[18]

• High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)
• Weather Modification Operations and Research Board
• Global warming
• Weather forecasting
• Hail cannon
• Operation Popeye
• Beijing Weather Modification Office
• Space Preservation Act
• Bernard Eastlund

• Eastlund Scientific Enterprises The established corporation of Bernard Eastlund, the inventor of the fusion torch, patents used for the HAARP, and the weather-modifying "Thunderstorm Solar-Powered Satellite" system.

• Whitehouse.gov The "National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive" of 2007, in which "The President shall lead the activities of the Federal Government for ensuring constitutional government" (powers of legislative and judiciary branches aside) during any sort of catastrophic emergency in the USA.