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Wilhelm Traube (10 January 1866 – 28 September 1942) was a German chemist.

Traube was born at Ratibor (Racibórz) in Prussian Silesia, a son of the famous private scholar Moritz Traube.

After studying law for a short time, he studied chemistry in Heidelberg, Breslau (Wrocław), Munich and Berlin. Among his tutors were August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Adolf von Baeyer and Karl Friedrich Rammelsberg. In 1888 he received his doctorate "Über die Additionsprodukte der Cyansäure". Since 1897 Traube was assistant at the Pharmakological Institute in Berlin, since 1902 assistant at the Pharmaceutical Institute and "Titularprofessor". In 1911 he became an associate professor and 1929 a full professor. Hermann Emil Fischer nominated Traube to be department head at the Chemical Institute (Analytical Department) of the University in Berlin. Traube was inventive and held many patents in cellulose chemistry and salts of metal complexes.

Traube is well-known for a procedure of synthesis of caffeine. The TRAUBEsche Synthese (synthesis of purine) was important for the pharmalogical industry. The University of Kiel appointed him full professor, but he refused. Traube was a board member of the German Chemical Society and became in 1926 a member of the Leopoldina in Halle. Otto Hahn (1879-1968) used an organic salt that Traube had constructed in order to detect barium in the products of nuclear fission. Traube liked to play the piano. He was of Jewish origin but belonged to the Lutheran church.

In 1935 the Nazis deprived Traube of the right to teach. His property was expropriated, and he was arrested in 1942. He died in prison in Berlin as a result of maltreatment. Hahn had knowledge of the forthcoming deportation and tried to rescue him without success. Traube is buried in Berlin's Weißensee Cemetery; there is no memorial stone.

• Pringsheim, H.: F. Hahn: Wilhelm Traube zum 60. Geburtstage. Zeitschr. f. angewandte Chemie 39 (1926) 61-67 - Dieser Artikel enthält ein Verzeichnis vieler Publikationen Wilhelm Traubes
• Promotionsverfahren WILHELM TRAUBE (Gutachten, Lebenslauf, Dissertationsschrift, Prüfungsprotokoll, Doktorurkunde). (Archiv der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philophische Fakultät, 1888, Littr. P, Nr. 4, Vol. 46, Bl. 1-24)
• Personalakte des a.o. Prof. Dr. WILHELM TRAUBE (Archiv der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät, Band 87, Bl. 1-43)
• Personalakte des o. Prof. Dr. WILHELM TRAUBE (Archiv der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät, Band 87, Bl. 1-10)
• Henrik Franke: MORITZ TRAUBE (1826-1894) - Leben und Wirken des universellen Privatgelehrten und Wegbereiters der physiologischen Chemie. Med. Dissertation 1994, Universitätsbibliothek der Humboldt-Universität Berlin Signatur 94 HB 1449.
• Henrik Franke: Moritz Traube (1826-1894) Vom Weinkaufmann zum Akademiemitglied "Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte der Chemie" Band 9 Verlag für Wissenschafts- und Regionalgeschichte Dr. Michael Engel, ISBN 3-929134-21-7-->

• Works by and about Wilhelm Traube in the German National Library catalogue

• Biography of Wilhelm Traubes by H. Franke
• Otto Hahn und die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft