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Yanyuwa
Spoken in:	Northern Territory
Total speakers:	5-15
Language family:	Australian  Pama-Nyungan   Yanyuwa
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	aus
ISO 639-3:	jao
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Yanyuwa (also Yanyula, Anyula) language is spoken by the Yanyuwa people around the settlement of Borroloola (Yanyuwa burrulula) in the Northern Territory, Australia.

Yanyuwa, like many Australian Aboriginal languages, is a complex agglutinative language whose grammar is pervaded by a set of sixteen noun classes, whose agreements are complicated and numerous. Yanyuwa is ergative.

Yanyuwa is critically endangered, with just seven native speakers remaining. Despite this, the anthropologist John Bradley, who has worked with the Yanyuwa for three decades (and who also fluently speaks the language), has produced an enormous dictionary and grammar of the language along with a cultural atlas in collaboration with a core group of senior men and women, so Yanyuwa's impending extinction may not be permanent.

Contents 1 Phonology 1.1 Consonants 1.2 Vowels 2 Grammar 2.1 Noun classes 2.2 Male and female dialects 3 Speech styles 3.1 Avoidance speech 3.2 Ritual speech 3.3 Island speech 4 External links

Yanyuwa is extremely unusual in having 7 places of articulation for stops, compared to 3 for English and 4–6 for most other Australian languages.

	Bilabial	Lamino- dental	Apico- alveolar	Apico- retroflex	Palato alveolar	Front velar	Back velar
Stop	b (b)	d̪ (th)	d (d)	ɖ (rd)	ḏ (j)	ɡ̟ (yk)	ɡ̱ (k)
Prenasalised stop	ⁿb (mb)	ⁿd̪ (nth)	ⁿd (nd)	ⁿɖ (rnd)	ⁿḏ (nj)	ⁿɡ̟ (nyk)	ⁿɡ̱ (ngk)
Nasal	m (m)	n̪ (nh)	n (n)	ɳ (rn)	ṉ (ny)	ŋ̟ (nyng)	ŋ̱ (ng)
Lateral		l̪ (lh)	l (l)	ɭ (rl)	ḻ (ly)
Rhotic			r (rr)	ɻ (r)
Semivowel	w (w)				j (y)

	Front	Back
High	i (i)	u (u)
Low	a (a)

Yanyuwa has 16 noun classes, distinguished by prefixes. In some cases, different prefixes are used depending on whether the speaker is a male or a female.

Yanyuwa is unusual among languages of the world in that it has separate dialects for men and for women at the morphological level. The only time men use the women's dialect is when they are quoting someone of the opposite sex, and vice versa.

In Yanyuwa, certain words have synonyms which are used to replace the everyday term in certain cultural situations.

Avoidance speech is speech style used when talking to or near certain relatives: one's siblings and cousins of the opposite sex, one's brother-, sister-, father- and mother-in-law, and one's nieces and nephews if their father (for male speakers) or mother (for female speakers) has died. Occasionally avoidance speech takes the form of different affixes to usual speech, but generally it is simply a change in vocabulary.

Example: In usual speech a digging stick is referred to as na-wabija, but when talking to one of the above relatives, the word used is na-wulungkayangu.

Another set of vocabulary is used during ceremonies and other ritual occasions. Many of the words used in ritual speech are sacred and kept secret.

Example: In usual speech a dingo is referred to as wardali, but during ritual occasions, the word used is yarrarriwira. This is one ritual term which is known to the general public, as are some other terms for flora and fauna.

When on the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands, which is part of Yanyuwa territory, another set of vocabulary may be used to replace the terms used when on the mainland. There is more variance about the usage of island speech than the other speech styles.

Example: When on the mainland, fishing is referred to as wardjangkayarra, but when on the islands, the word used is akarimantharra.

• Yanyuwa recordings demonstrating the seven POAs.
• Yanyuwa Wuka: Language from Yanyuwa Country - a Yanyuwa Dictionary and Cultural Resource (PDF)