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Yevno Azef (Russian: Евгений Филиппович (Евно Фишелевич) Азеф, 1869-1918, also transliterated as Evno Azef), was a Russian socialist revolutionary who was also a double agent working both as an organizer of assassinations for the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (also known as SRs or Esers) and a police spy for the Okhranka, the Imperial secret police. He was an agent provocateur, carrying out acts of terrorism, which justified the police's arresting his accomplices.

Born Evno Fishelevich Azef in the Lyskovo village near Hrodna in 1869 to a poor Jewish family. After basic schooling, he worked as a journalist and then a traveling salesman. He also became a revolutionary. In 1892, when he was about to be arrested, he embezzled 800 rubles and fled to Germany, first to Karlsruhe and then Darmstadt. There he studied to become an electrical engineer. In those years Sergei Vasilyevich Zubatov of the Okhranka also recruited him as a police informer.

In Germany he also joined a group of exiled members of the Russian Social Democratic Party and traveled all over Europe to meet other revolutionaries. In 1899 he returned to Russia and joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He rose in status to become a member of the party's central committee, in 1903 Azef supplied the Okhrana with information which led to the arrest of Grigory Gershuni, head of the party's Fighting Organization, its terrorist branch and finally succeeded him. In that position he organized assassinations including those of Vyacheslav Plehve in 1904 and the Tsar's uncle Grand Duke Sergius Alexandrovich in 1905.

By 1908, Azef was playing a double role of a revolutionary assassin and police spy who received 1000 rubles a month from the police. Sympathizers in the ranks of the police leaked information to the party that refused to believe it by taking it as malicious propaganda.

Eventually, a defector from the police convinced revolutionary Vladimir Burtsev, who began a long investigation. Eventually Burtsev spoke to Lopuhin, a former director of the police department, who verified that Azef had been working for them.

Burtsev exposed Azef in February 1909. A Court of Honor was held in Paris to verify Azef's guilt. The SRs decided to let Azef go home after he promised to provide convincing proof of his innocence the following day. Instead, Azef escaped retaliation and fled again to Germany. His wife, Ljuba Mankin, who had been unaware of his double-dealing, divorced him and moved to the United States.

In Germany, Azef lived with a singer and worked as a corset salesman and stock speculator. During the First World War, he was interned as an enemy alien. In prison he suffered from a kidney disease but was released in December 1917.

Yevno Azef died in Berlin in April 24, 1918. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Wilmersdorf cemetery.

• Anna Geifman - Entangled in Terror: The Azef Affair and the Russian Revolution (Scholarly Resources 1999)
• Richard E. Rubenstein - Comrade Valentine: The True Story of Azef the Spy--The Most Dangerous Man in Russia at the Time of the Last Czars (Harcourt Brace and Company 1994)

• Roman Malinovsky

• Dmitry Galkovsky Berezovsky - between Azef and Parvus (in Russian)