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Zenodotus (Ζηνόδοτος), Greek grammarian, literary critic, and scholar on Homer; first librarian of the Library of Alexandria; pupil of Philitas of Cos; a native of Ephesus. He lived during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, and was at the height of his reputation about 280 BC.

He was the first superintendent of the Library of Alexandria and the first critical editor (διορθώτης diorthōtes) of Homer. His colleagues in the librarianship were Alexander of Aetolia and Lycophron of Chalcis, to whom were allotted the tragic and comic writers respectively, Homer and other epic poets being assigned to Zenodotus.

Although he has been reproached with arbitrariness and an insufficient knowledge of Greek, in his recension he undoubtedly laid a sound foundation for future criticism. Having collated the different manuscripts in the library, he expunged or obelized doubtful verses, transposed or altered lines, and introduced new readings. It is probable that he was responsible for the division of the Homeric poems into twenty-four books each (using capital Greek letters for the Iliad, and lower-case for the Odyssey), and possibly was the author of the calculation of the days of the Iliad in the Tabula Iliaca.

He does not appear to have written any regular commentary on Homer, but his Homeric γλῶσσαι (glōssai, lists of unusual words) probably formed the source of the explanations of Homer attributed by the grammarians to Zenodotus. He also lectured upon Hesiod, Anacreon and Pindar, if he did not publish editions of them. He is further called an epic poet by the Suda, and three epigrams in the Greek Anthology are assigned to him.

There appear to have been at least two other grammarians of the same name:

1. Zenodotus of Alexandria, surnamed ὁ ἐν ἄστει (ho en astei—"the one from the city", i.e. Alexandria)
2. Zenodotus of Mallus, the disciple of Crates, who like his master attacked Aristarchus of Samothrace.

• Homeric scholarship
• External link: New Advent Encyclopedia article on Library of Alexandria
• R. Pfeiffer (1968), History of Classical Scholarship (Oxford), pp. 105-22
• L.D. Reynolds and N.G. Wilson (1991), Scribes and Scholars (3rd edition, Oxford), pp. 8-12

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.