Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary
Wikipedia
This is a list of Proto-Indo-European roots, reconstructed forms from which a variety of words in the various Indo-European languages are derived. Roots are listed in forms representative of the earliest stage of Indo-European before Anatolian branched away from the family.
The existence of sounds called ‘laryngeals’ is no longer considered a controversial theory by a clear majority of Indo-Europeanologists but old reconstructions lacking laryngeals, particularly those published by Julius Pokorny decades ago, remain popular even though they are now incorrect. Three laryngeals are now reconstructed to explain both the Anatolian branch and the rest of the family: *H₁, *H₂ and *H₃. The first is generally assumed to be a glottal stop (like a sudden catch in the throat as in English ‘oh-oh’) or a plain h as in English ‘hat’, the second like a gutteral h as in German ‘Loch’, and the last being either like hw or perhaps like ayin, a sound spoken in the Hebrew language. The Anatolian languages are the few languages that managed to preserve *H₂ and *H₃ as *h.
For the purposes of consistency and clearly distinguishing sounds, phonemes will always be represented by the same letters, although alternative spellings may be provided on the roots’ pages. The symbols ǵ and ḱ (also sometimes written with circumflex accents, e.g., ĝ) represent the palatovelars (palatalized velar consonants). The symbol ʷ represents the labiovelars (labialized velar consonants), and ʰ (sometimes transcribed as simply "h") represents aspirated stops. The symbol H (also sometimes transcribed as an uncapitalized h or schwa, ‘ə’) represents the three laryngeals; when the specific laryngeal is known, it is represented as *H₁ (‘neutral’), *H₂ (‘a-coloring’) or *H₃. The diacritic in the form of a circle that lies underneath certain sounds (as in *n̥, *l̥, etc.) represents vocalic allophones.
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *bʰeH₂- (1) |
to shine |
| *bʰeH₂- (2) |
to speak |
| *bʰabʰeH₂- |
broad bean |
| *bʰed- |
good |
| *bʰag- |
to share out, apportion |
| *bʰeH₂ǵʰu- |
arm |
| *bʰeH₂go- |
beech tree |
| *bʰardʰeH₂- |
beard |
| *bʰars- (1) |
projection, bristle, point |
| *bʰars- (2) |
barley |
| *bʰasko- |
band, bundle |
| *bʰeH₂u- |
to strike |
| *bʰeH₁- |
to warm |
| *bʰedʰ- |
to dig |
| *bʰeg- |
to break |
| *bʰegʷ- |
to run |
| *bʰei- |
bee |
| *bʰeid- |
to split |
| *bʰeidʰ- |
to trust |
| *bʰeiH₂- |
to strike |
| *bʰeigʷ- |
to shine |
| *bʰel- (1) |
to shine, flash, burn |
| *bʰel- (2) |
to thrive, bloom |
| *bʰel- (3) |
to cry out, yell |
| *bʰleH₁- |
to blow, swell |
| *bʰeld- |
to knock, strike |
| *bʰelg- |
plank, beam |
| *bʰelǵʰ- |
to swell |
| *bʰelk- |
plank (see *bʰelg-, above) |
| *bʰelu- |
to harm |
| *bʰendʰ- |
to bind |
| *bʰenǵʰ- |
thick, fat |
| *bʰer- (1) |
to carry, bear |
| *bʰerH₁- |
to cut, pierce, bore |
| *bʰer- (2) |
bright, brown |
| *bʰer- (3) |
to cook, bake |
| *bʰerdʰ- |
to cut |
| *bʰerHǵ- |
to shine, to be bright, to be white |
| *bʰerǵʰ- (1) |
to hide, protect |
| *bʰerǵʰ- (2) |
high |
| *bʰers- |
quick |
| *bʰes- (1) |
to rub |
| *bʰes- (2) |
to breathe |
| *bʰeu- |
to swell |
| *bʰeudʰ- |
to be aware, make aware |
| *bʰeuH₂- |
to become, to grow up, to appear |
| *bʰeug- (1) |
to flee |
| *bʰeug- (2) |
to enjoy |
| *bʰeug- (3) |
to bend |
| *bʰleH₂d- |
to worship |
| *bʰleH₂g- |
to strike |
| *bʰlei- |
to blow, swell |
| *bʰleu- |
to swell, well up, overflow |
| *bʰors- |
point (see *bʰars-(1), above) |
| *bʰoso- |
naked |
| *bʰrag- |
to smell |
| *bʰraǵʰmen- |
form, ritual form |
| *bʰreH₂ter- |
brother |
| *bʰreg- |
to break |
| *bʰreiH- |
to cut, break |
| *bʰrekʷ- |
to cram together |
| *bʰrem- (1) |
to growl |
| *bʰrem- (2) |
to project; point, spike; edge |
| *bʰres- |
to burst |
| *bʰreuH- (1) |
to cut, break up |
| *bʰreuH₁- |
to boil, bubble, burn |
| *bʰreus- |
to swell |
| *bʰruH- |
eyebrow |
| *bʰruHg- |
agricultural produce; to enjoy |
| *bʰudʰ- |
bottom, base |
| *bʰuǵo- |
male animal; stag, ram, he-goat |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *deH₁- |
to bind |
| *deH₂- (1) |
to divide |
| *deH₂- (2) |
to flow |
| *deH₂iwer- |
husband’s brother |
| *daḱru- |
teardrop (alternatively *H₁aḱru-) |
| *deH₂nu- |
river (from *deH₂- (2)) |
| *dap- |
to apportion (in exchange) |
| *de |
but, yet (postpositional particle) |
| *deiǵ- |
to show |
| *deiǵʰ- |
insect |
| *deiḱ- |
to show, pronounce solemnly |
| *deḱ- (1) |
to take, accept |
| *deḱ- (2) |
fringe, tuft |
| *deḱm̥ |
ten |
| *deḱs- |
right; south |
| *del- (1) |
long |
| *del- (2) |
to recount, to count |
| *delH- |
to split, carve, cut |
| *dom- |
house, household |
| *demH₂- |
to domesticate |
| *denḱ- |
to bite |
| *dens- (1) |
to use mental force |
| *dens- (2) |
dense, thick |
| *dep- |
to stamp |
| *der- (1) |
to run, walk, step |
| *der- (2) |
to split, peel, flay |
| *derbʰ- |
to wind, compress |
| *derH₂- |
to work |
| *dergʰ- |
to grasp |
| *derḱ- |
to see |
| *derwo- |
to be firm, solid, steadfast; wood |
| *des- |
enemy, foreigner, slave |
| *deu- (1) |
to lack, be wanting |
| *deu- (2) |
to do, perform, show favor, revere |
| *deuH₂- |
long (in duration) |
| *deuk- |
to lead |
| *dʰabʰ- |
to fit together |
| *dʰal- |
to bloom |
| *dʰeH₁- |
to set, put |
| *dʰeb- |
dense, firm, compressed |
| *dʰegʰʷ- |
to burn, warm |
| *dʰeH₁(i)- |
to suck |
| *dʰeiǵʰ- |
to form, build |
| *dʰel- |
hollow |
| *dʰelbʰ- |
to dig, excavate |
| *dʰembʰ- |
to bury |
| *dʰen- (1) |
to run, flow |
| *dʰen- (2) |
palm of the hand |
| *dʰer- (1) |
to make muddy; darkness |
| *dʰer- (2) |
to hold firmly, support |
| *dʰer- (3) |
to drone, murmur, buzz |
| *dʰers- |
to venture, be bold |
| *dʰeH₁s- |
religious |
| *dʰeu- (2) |
to flow |
| *dʰeuH₂- |
to rise in smoke; to die |
| *dʰeubʰ- (1) |
deep hollow |
| *dʰeubʰ- (2) |
wedge, peg, plug |
| *dʰeugʰ- |
to avail oneself of |
| *dʰǵʰom- |
earth |
| *dʰǵʰuH₂- |
fish |
| *dʰǵʰyes- |
yesterday |
| *dʰgʰʷei- |
to perish, die away |
| *dʰgʰʷer- |
to flow, move forcefully |
| *dʰeiH₁gʷ- |
to stick, fix |
| *-dʰlo- |
(see *-tro-, below) |
| *dʰregʰ- |
to draw, drag on the ground |
| *dʰreǵ- |
to draw, glide |
| *dʰregʰ- |
to run |
| *dʰeibʰ- |
to drive, push; snow |
| *dʰreu- |
to fall, flow, drip, droop |
| *dʰreugʰ- |
to deceive |
| *-dʰro- |
(instrumental suffix; see *-tro-, below) |
| *dʰuǵH₂ter- |
daughter |
| *dʰwenH₂- |
to disappear, die |
| *dʰwor- |
door, doorway |
| *digʰo- |
goat |
| *dlegʰ- |
to engage oneself |
| *dl̥ku- |
sweet |
| *dn̥ǵʰuH₂- |
tongue |
| *deH₃- |
to give |
| *drem- |
to sleep |
| *dreu- |
to be firm (see *deru-, above) |
| *dus- |
bad, evil; mis- |
| *dwei- |
to be in doubt, unsure; (later) to fear |
| *dwi- |
two (prefix form; see also *dwo-) |
| *dwo- |
two (prefix form; see also *dwi-) |
| *dwou- |
two |
| *dyeu- |
to shine; sky, heaven, god |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *gal- (1) |
bald, naked |
| *gal- (2) |
to call, shout |
| *gal- (3) |
to be able, have power |
| *gar- |
to call, cry |
| *geH₂u- |
to rejoice; to have religious fear or awe |
| *geH₁i- |
to sing |
| *ǵeiH- |
to sprout, split, open |
| *ǵel- (1) |
bright |
| *ǵel- (2) |
cold; to freeze |
| *ǵembʰ- |
tooth |
| *ǵemH₁- |
to marry |
| *ǵenH₁- |
to give birth, beget |
| *ǵenu- (1) |
knee; angle |
| *ǵenu- (2) |
jawbone, chin |
| *ǵep(ʰ)- |
jaw, mouth |
| *gerbʰ- |
to scratch |
| *ǵerH₂- |
to cry hoarsely; crane |
| *ǵerH₂- |
to grow old |
| *ǵeuH- |
to hasten |
| *g(e)u-lo- |
glowing coal |
| *ǵeus- |
to taste, choose |
| *gʰebʰ- |
to give, receive |
| *gʰeH₂i- |
to yawn, gape |
| *gʰaido- |
goat |
| *gʰais- |
to adhere, hesitate |
| *gʰaiso- |
stick, spear |
| *ǵʰalgʰ- |
branch, rod |
| *ǵʰans- |
goose |
| *ǵʰazdʰo- |
rod, staff |
| *ǵʰeH₁- |
to release, let go |
| *gʰebʰ- |
to give, receive (see *gʰabʰ-) |
| *gʰebʰelo- |
head |
| *gʰedʰ- |
to unite, join, fit |
| *ǵʰei- (1) |
to propel, prick |
| *ǵʰei- (2) |
winter |
| *gʰeis- |
fear, amazement |
| *gʰel- |
to call |
| *ǵʰel- (1) |
to shine |
| *ǵʰel- (2) |
to cut |
| *gʰeidʰ- |
to pay |
| *gʰeleǵʰ- |
metal |
| *gʰelH₂d- |
hail |
| *gʰeluH₂- |
tortoise |
| *gʰel-uneH₂- |
jaw |
| *gʰe(n)d- |
to seize, take |
| *ǵʰengʰ- |
to go, walk |
| *gʰer- (1) |
to call out |
| *gʰer- (2) |
to scrape, scratch |
| *ǵʰer- (1) |
to grasp, enclose |
| *ǵʰer- (2) |
to like, want |
| *ǵʰerH₂- |
gut, entrail |
| *ǵʰers- |
to bristle |
| *ǵʰes- |
hand |
| *ǵʰeslo- |
thousand |
| *ǵʰeu- |
to pour (a libation) |
| *ǵʰeHu- |
to yawn, gape |
| *ǵʰeuH- |
to call, invoke |
| *gʰe |
indeed, truly (emphatic particle) |
| *ǵʰoH- |
behind, after |
| *gʰos-ti- |
stranger, guest, host |
| *gʰow-eH₁- |
to honor, revere, worship |
| *gʰreH₁- |
to grow, become green |
| *gʰrebʰ- (1) |
to seize, reach |
| *gʰrebʰ- (2) |
to dig, bury, scratch |
| *gʰredʰ- |
to walk, go |
| *ǵʰreH₁i- |
to rub |
| *gʰreib- |
to grip |
| *gʰrem- |
angry |
| *gʰrendʰ- |
to grind |
| *gʰreH₁u- |
to rub, grind |
| *ǵʰwer- |
wild beast |
| *gʰwiHbʰo- |
shame; vagina, pudenda |
| *gladʰ- |
smooth |
| *glei- |
clay |
| *gleubʰ- |
to tear apart, cleave |
| *gleH₃gʰ- |
thorn, point |
| *ǵneH₃- |
to know |
| *gras- |
to devour |
| *greut- |
to compress, push |
| *ǵr̥H-no- |
grain |
| *gru- |
to grunt |
| *gʷeH₂- |
to go, come |
| *gʷeH₂bʰ- |
to dip, sink |
| *gʷeH₂dʰ- |
to sink |
| *gʷeiH- |
to press down, conquer |
| *gʷeiH₃- |
to live |
| *gʷel- |
to fly; wing |
| *gʷelbʰ- |
womb |
| *gʷelH₁- |
to throw, reach |
| *gʷelH₂- |
acorn |
| *gʷen- |
woman |
| *gʷerH₂- (1) |
heavy |
| *gʷerH₂- (2) |
to favor |
| *gʷerH₃- |
mountain |
| *gʷerH₃- |
to swallow |
| *gʷet- |
resin (?) |
| *gʷʰedʰ- |
to ask, pray |
| *gʷʰen- |
to strike, kill |
| *gʷʰer- |
to heat, warm |
| *gʷʰreH₁- |
to smell, breathe |
| *gʷʰren- |
to think |
| *gʷeH₃- |
to feed |
| *gʷou- |
ox, bull, cow |
| *gʷres- |
thick, fat |
| *gʷriH-weH₂- |
back of the neck |
| *ǵ(y)eu- |
to chew, eat |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *H₁aǵ- |
to drive, to lead, to draw, to move |
| *H₁aǵro- |
field (from *H₁aǵ-) |
| *H₁aiǵ- |
goat |
| *H₁eH₂mr̥ |
day |
| *H₁ar- |
to fit together |
| *H₁eH₂- |
to burn, glow |
| *H₁eH₂ter- |
fire (from *H₁eH₂-) |
| *H₁au- |
to perceive |
| *H₁e |
here, there (locative particle of indefinite deixis) |
| *H₁dont- |
tooth (see *H₁ed-) |
| *H₁ed- |
to bite; (later) to eat |
| *H₁eǵō |
I |
| *H₁eǵʰs |
out, out of |
| *H₁egʷni- |
fire |
| *H₁egʰʷ- |
to drink |
| *H₁ei- (1) |
to go |
| *H₁ei- (2) |
reddish, motley; yellow |
| *H₁eis- (1) |
passion |
| *H₁eis- (2) |
ice, frost |
| *H₁eḱwo- |
horse |
| *H₁el- (1) |
elbow, forearm |
| *H₁el- (2) |
red, brown |
| *H₁elH₂- |
to go |
| *H₁elḱes- |
wound |
| *H₁em- |
to take, distribute |
| *H₁en |
in |
| *-H₁on- |
(animate agentive suffix) |
| *H₁engʷ- |
groin, internal organ |
| *H₁ep- |
near, at, against |
| *H₁er- (1) |
to move, set in motion |
| *H₁er- (2) |
earth, ground |
| *H₁erH₁- |
to row |
| *H₁reH₁- |
to separate |
| *H₁erH₂- |
to separate, adjoin |
| *H₁(e)rH₃dʰ- |
high |
| *H₁erǵʰ- |
to mount |
| *H₁erkʷ- |
to radiate, beam, praise |
| *H₁ers- (1) |
to be in motion |
| *H₁ers- (2) |
to be wet |
| *H₁es- |
to be |
| *H₁ēs- |
to sit (conjugated in mediopassive) |
| *H₁eson- |
harvest, fall |
| *H₁esor- |
woman |
| *H₁su- |
good |
| *H₁eti |
above, beyond |
| *H₁eHtiH- |
eider duck |
| *H₁eH₁tmen- |
breath |
| *H₁eu- |
to dress |
| *H₁euH₂- |
to leave, abandon, give out |
| *H₁euHdʰr̥ |
udder |
| *H₁euk- |
to become accustomed |
| *H₁eus- |
to burn |
| *H₁i- |
(3p pronominal stem) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *H₂eǵ- |
to speak |
| *H₂eg-es- |
fault, guilt |
| *H₂egʰ- |
to be depressed, afraid |
| *H₂eǵʰ- |
day (span of time) |
| *H₂egw(e)siH₂- |
axe |
| *H₂egʷʰno- |
lamb |
| *H₂ei- (1) |
to give, allot |
| *H₂ei- |
to burn |
| *H₂eiḱ- |
to be master of, possess |
| *H₂eiḱ- (2) |
spit |
| *H₂eim- |
copy |
| *H₂eis- |
to wish, desire |
| *H₂eiw- |
vital force, life, long life, eternity |
| *H₂eḱ- |
sharp |
| *H₂eḱs- |
axis |
| *H₂el- (2) |
to wander |
| *H₂el- (3) |
to grow, nourish |
| *H₂el- (4) |
to grind, mill |
| *H₂el- (5) |
to be beyond, opposite to, facing |
| *H₂elbʰo- |
white |
| *H₂elu- |
sorcery; possession, intoxication |
| *H₂ent-bʰi |
around |
| *H₂embʰō |
both |
| *H₂ems- |
black; blackbird |
| *H₂en- (1) |
on |
| *H₂en- (2) |
old woman, ancestor |
| *H₂en- |
to pour, draw water |
| *H₂endʰ- |
bloom |
| *H₂endʰo- |
blind, dark |
| *H₂enH₁- |
to breathe |
| *H₂enH₂t- |
duck |
| *H₂enHteH₂- |
doorjamb |
| *H₂enǵʰ- |
tight, painful |
| *H₂eng- |
to bend (see *ank-, below) |
| *H₂engʷʰi- |
snake, eel |
| *H₂enk- |
to bend |
| *ans- |
loop, handle |
| *H₂ensu- |
spirit |
| *H₂ent- |
front, forehead |
| *H₂ep- |
to take, reach |
| *H₂ep- (2) |
water |
| *H₂ep(o)- |
off, away |
| *H₂epseH₂ |
aspen |
| *H₂erH₃- |
to plow |
| *H₂erǵ- |
to shine; to be bright-colored |
| *H₂erk- |
to hold, contain, guard |
| *H₂erku- |
bow and/or arrow |
| *H₂eu- (2) |
off, away |
| *H₂eu- |
to weave |
| *H₂euǵ- |
to increase |
| *H₂ug- (2) |
to shine |
| *H₂eukʷ- |
cooking pot |
| *H₂eulo- |
hole, cavity |
| *H₂eus- |
to shine |
| *H₂eus- |
to draw water |
| *H₂ewi- |
bird |
| *H₂euH₂o- |
grandfather, uncle |
| *H₂eier- |
day, morning |
| *H₂eies- |
metal, copper, bronze |
| *H₂eiu- |
life (see *H₂eiw-, above) |
| *H₂ger- |
to gather |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *keH₂- |
to like, desire |
| *ḱad- |
to fall |
| *ḱeH₂d- |
sorrow, hatred |
| *keH₂dʰ- |
to shelter, cover |
| *kagʰ- |
to catch, seize; wickerwork, fence |
| *kagʰlo- |
pebble, hail |
| *kai- |
heat |
| *kaiko- |
one-eyed |
| *kailo- |
whole, uninjured, auspicious |
| *kaito- |
forest, uncultivated land |
| *ḱak- |
to enable, help |
| *kal- (1) |
cup |
| *kal- (2) |
beautiful |
| *kal- (3) |
hard |
| *kamp- |
to bend |
| *kan- |
to sing |
| *kand- |
to shine |
| *kēp- |
to grasp |
| *kapro- |
he-goat, buck |
| *kaput- |
head |
| *kar- (1) |
hard |
| *kar- (2) |
to praise loudly, extol |
| *kars- |
to card |
| *ḱas- |
gray |
| *kat- |
down |
| *ḱat- |
to fight |
| *kau- |
to hew, strike |
| *keH₂u- |
to burn |
| *ked- |
to go, yield |
| *keg- |
hook, tooth |
| *ḱei- (1) |
to lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear |
| *ḱei- (2) |
color |
| *keiH₂- |
to set in motion |
| *ḱekʷ- |
excrement |
| *kel- (1) |
to strike, cut |
| *kel- (2) |
to drive, set in swift motion |
| *kel- (3) |
to be prominent; hill |
| *kel- (4) |
to prick |
| *kel- (5) |
to deceive, trick |
| *ḱel- |
to cover, conceal, save |
| *kelb- |
to help |
| *ḱelH₁- |
warm |
| *kelH₂- |
to shout |
| *kelp- |
to hold, grasp |
| *kem- |
to compress |
| *ḱem- |
hornless |
| *kemb- |
to bend, turn, change, exchange |
| *ken- (1) |
to arise, make an effort |
| *ken- (2) |
fresh, new, young |
| *ḱen- |
empty |
| *kend- |
to shine (see *kand-, above) |
| *k(e)nHko- |
yellow, golden |
| *kenk- (1) |
to gird, bind |
| *kenk- (2) |
to suffer from hunger or thirst |
| *kenk- (3) |
heel, bend of the knee |
| *ḱens- |
to proclaim, speak solemnly |
| *kent- |
to prick, jab |
| *ker- (1) |
loud noise, bird |
| *ker- (2) |
heat, fire |
| *ker- (3) |
a kind of cherry |
| *ker- (4) |
hard (see *kar-, above) |
| *ḱer- (1) |
horn, head |
| *ḱer- (2) |
to grow |
| *kerd- |
craft |
| *ḱerd- |
heart |
| *ḱerdʰ- |
row, heart |
| *ḱerH₂- (1) |
to mix, confuse, cook |
| *ḱerH₂- (2) |
to injure, break apart |
| *kerp- |
to gather, pluck, harvest |
| *kers- |
dark, dirty |
| *ḱers- |
to run |
| *kert- |
to turn, entwine |
| *kes- |
to scratch |
| *ḱes- |
to cut |
| *keud- |
magical glory |
| *ḱeuH- |
to swell; vault, hole |
| *ḱeuk- |
to be white, be bright, shine |
| *ḱeH₁w-(e)ro- |
north, north wind |
| *ḱīgʰ- |
fast, violent |
| *kleH₂- |
to spread out flat |
| *kleH₂u- |
hook, peg |
| *kleg- |
to cry, sound |
| *ḱlei- |
to lean |
| *kleng- |
to bend, turn |
| *ḱlep- |
to steal |
| *ḱleu- |
to hear |
| *ḱleuH- |
to wash, clean |
| *kl̥H₂-wo- |
bald |
| *ḱo- |
this (proximal demonstrative pronoun) |
| *-ko- |
(adjectival suffix) |
| *kʷe |
and (conjunctive postpositional particle) |
| *kʷetwores |
four |
| *kʷi- |
who?, what? (interrogative pronoun; see *kʷo-) |
| *kʷo- |
who?, what? (interrogative pronoun; see *kʷi-) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *leubʰ- |
to love |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *n̥- |
in-, un-, not (inhibitive noun prefix; see *ne, *nei) |
| *n̥s |
us (first person plural enclitic pronoun) |
| *ne |
not (negative enclitic particle; see *n̥-, *nei) |
| *nei |
not (negative enclitic particle; see *n̥-, *ne) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *-ō |
I (thematic first person present verbal suffix) |
| *-ont- |
(thematic active verbal noun suffix) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *penkʷe |
five |
| *pod- |
foot |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *sed- |
to sit |
| *swe |
self, oneself (third person reflexive enclitic pronoun) |
| *sweks |
six |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *treies |
three |
| *-tlo- |
(instrumental noun suffix; see *-tro-) |
| *-tro- |
(instrumental noun suffix) |
| *tu |
you (second person nominative pronoun) |
| *twe |
you (second person enclitic pronoun) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *-u- |
(adverbial and adjectival suffix) |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *we |
or (disjunctive postpositional particle) |
| *wei |
we (first person plural nominative pronoun) |
| *weid- |
to know |
| Protoform |
Meaning |
| *yeug- |
to yoke |
| *yo- |
who, which, that (relative pronoun) |
| *yus |
you all (second person plural nominative pronoun) |
[edit] See also
